2,032 research outputs found
Randomized flow model and centrality measure for electrical power transmission network analysis
International audienceCommonly used centrality measures identify the most important elements in networks of components, based on the assumption that flow occurs in the network only along the shortest paths. This is not so in real networks, where different operational rules drive the flow. For this reason, a different model of flow in a network is considered here: rather than along shortest paths only, it is assumed that contributions come essentially from all paths between nodes, as simulated by random walks. Centrality measures can then be coherently defined. An example of application to an electrical power transmission system is presented
Absorbing Random Walks Interpolating Between Centrality Measures on Complex Networks
Centrality, which quantifies the "importance" of individual nodes, is among
the most essential concepts in modern network theory. As there are many ways in
which a node can be important, many different centrality measures are in use.
Here, we concentrate on versions of the common betweenness and it closeness
centralities. The former measures the fraction of paths between pairs of nodes
that go through a given node, while the latter measures an average inverse
distance between a particular node and all other nodes. Both centralities only
consider shortest paths (i.e., geodesics) between pairs of nodes. Here we
develop a method, based on absorbing Markov chains, that enables us to
continuously interpolate both of these centrality measures away from the
geodesic limit and toward a limit where no restriction is placed on the length
of the paths the walkers can explore. At this second limit, the interpolated
betweenness and closeness centralities reduce, respectively, to the well-known
it current betweenness and resistance closeness (information) centralities. The
method is tested numerically on four real networks, revealing complex changes
in node centrality rankings with respect to the value of the interpolation
parameter. Non-monotonic betweenness behaviors are found to characterize nodes
that lie close to inter-community boundaries in the studied networks
A General Framework for Complex Network Applications
Complex network theory has been applied to solving practical problems from
different domains. In this paper, we present a general framework for complex
network applications. The keys of a successful application are a thorough
understanding of the real system and a correct mapping of complex network
theory to practical problems in the system. Despite of certain limitations
discussed in this paper, complex network theory provides a foundation on which
to develop powerful tools in analyzing and optimizing large interconnected
systems.Comment: 8 page
Temporal Networks
A great variety of systems in nature, society and technology -- from the web
of sexual contacts to the Internet, from the nervous system to power grids --
can be modeled as graphs of vertices coupled by edges. The network structure,
describing how the graph is wired, helps us understand, predict and optimize
the behavior of dynamical systems. In many cases, however, the edges are not
continuously active. As an example, in networks of communication via email,
text messages, or phone calls, edges represent sequences of instantaneous or
practically instantaneous contacts. In some cases, edges are active for
non-negligible periods of time: e.g., the proximity patterns of inpatients at
hospitals can be represented by a graph where an edge between two individuals
is on throughout the time they are at the same ward. Like network topology, the
temporal structure of edge activations can affect dynamics of systems
interacting through the network, from disease contagion on the network of
patients to information diffusion over an e-mail network. In this review, we
present the emergent field of temporal networks, and discuss methods for
analyzing topological and temporal structure and models for elucidating their
relation to the behavior of dynamical systems. In the light of traditional
network theory, one can see this framework as moving the information of when
things happen from the dynamical system on the network, to the network itself.
Since fundamental properties, such as the transitivity of edges, do not
necessarily hold in temporal networks, many of these methods need to be quite
different from those for static networks
Space Weather and Power Grids - A Vulnerability Assessment
Strong geomagnetic disturbances resulting from solar activity can have a major impact on ground-based infrastructures, such as power grids, pipelines and railway systems. The high voltage transmission network is particularly affected as currents induced by geomagnetic storms, so-called GICs, can severely damage network equipment possibly leading to system collapse. Therefore, increasing attention has been devoted to understanding the vulnerability of power grids to space weather conditions. In this study, we aim at analysing the vulnerability of power grids to extreme space weather. By means of complex network theory, we propose an analysis approach to understand how geomagnetically induced currents are driven through the power network based on its structural and physical characteristics. As a test network we used the Finnish power grid for which a study using network centrality measures was carried out to understand which components are the most critical for the system when exposed to an electric field of 1V/km. This information is helpful as the identification and ranking of critical components can help to identify where and how mitigation measures should be implemented to increase the system’s resilience to space weather impact. We have also subjected the grid to varying angles of the electric field. In addition, we have carried out a scoping study adding load flow to the GICs induced in the system. The preliminary results suggest that the benchmark system can resist GICs induced from high intensity electric fields. Moreover, the simplified network seems more prone to collapse if the electric field is oriented northward. Work is underway to further validate and expand our approach with the aim to eventually carry out a risk assessment of space weather impact on the power grid at EU level.JRC.G.5-Security technology assessmen
Structural Properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans Neuronal Network
Despite recent interest in reconstructing neuronal networks, complete wiring
diagrams on the level of individual synapses remain scarce and the insights
into function they can provide remain unclear. Even for Caenorhabditis elegans,
whose neuronal network is relatively small and stereotypical from animal to
animal, published wiring diagrams are neither accurate nor complete and
self-consistent. Using materials from White et al. and new electron micrographs
we assemble whole, self-consistent gap junction and chemical synapse networks
of hermaphrodite C. elegans. We propose a method to visualize the wiring
diagram, which reflects network signal flow. We calculate statistical and
topological properties of the network, such as degree distributions, synaptic
multiplicities, and small-world properties, that help in understanding network
signal propagation. We identify neurons that may play central roles in
information processing and network motifs that could serve as functional
modules of the network. We explore propagation of neuronal activity in response
to sensory or artificial stimulation using linear systems theory and find
several activity patterns that could serve as substrates of previously
described behaviors. Finally, we analyze the interaction between the gap
junction and the chemical synapse networks. Since several statistical
properties of the C. elegans network, such as multiplicity and motif
distributions are similar to those found in mammalian neocortex, they likely
point to general principles of neuronal networks. The wiring diagram reported
here can help in understanding the mechanistic basis of behavior by generating
predictions about future experiments involving genetic perturbations, laser
ablations, or monitoring propagation of neuronal activity in response to
stimulation
Performance Review of Selected Topology-Aware Routing Strategies for Clustering Sensor Networks
In this paper, cluster-based routing (CBR) protocols for addressing issues pertinent to energy consumption, network lifespan, resource allocation and network coverage are reviewed. The paper presents an indepth performance analysis and critical review of selected CBR algorithms. The study is domain-specific and simulation-based with emphasis on the tripartite trade-off between coverage, connectivity and lifespan. The rigorous statistical analysis of selected CBR schemes was also presented. Network simulation was conducted with Java-based Atarraya discrete-event simulation toolkit while statistical analysis was carried out using MATLAB. It was observed that the Periodic, Event-Driven and Query-Based Routing (PEQ) schemes performs better than Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Threshold-Sensitive Energy-Efficient Sensor Network (TEEN) and Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) in terms of network lifespan, energy consumption and network throughput.Keywords: Wireless sensor network, Hierarchical topologies, Cluster-based routing, Statistical analysis, Network simulatio
Control Theory: A Mathematical Perspective on Cyber-Physical Systems
Control theory is an interdisciplinary field that is located at the crossroads of pure and applied mathematics with systems engineering and the sciences. Recently the control field is facing new challenges motivated by application domains that involve networks of systems. Examples are interacting robots, networks of autonomous cars or the smart grid. In order to address the new challenges posed by these application disciplines, the special focus of this workshop has been on the currently very active field of Cyber-Physical Systems, which forms the underlying basis for many network control applications. A series of lectures in this workshop was devoted to give an overview on current theoretical developments in Cyber-Physical Systems, emphasizing in particular the mathematical aspects of the field. Special focus was on the dynamics and control of networks of systems, distributed optimization and formation control, fundamentals of nonlinear interconnected systems, as well as open problems in control
Connectivity Analysis of Directed Highway VANETs using Graph Theory
Graph theory is a promising approach in handling the problem of estimating
the connectivity probability of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). With a
communication network represented as graph, graph connectivity indicators
become valid for connectivity analysis of communication networks as well. In
this article, we discuss two different graph-based methods for VANETs
connectivity analysis showing that they capture the same behavior as estimated
using probabilistic models. The study is, then, extended to include the case of
directed VANETs, resulting from the utilization of different communication
ranges by different vehicles. Overall, the graph-based methods prove a robust
performance, as they can be simply diversified into scenarios that are too
complex to acquire a rigid probabilistic model for them.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure
- …