1,451 research outputs found
Elastic collapse in disordered isostatic networks
Isostatic networks are minimally rigid and therefore have, generically,
nonzero elastic moduli. Regular isostatic networks have finite moduli in the
limit of large sizes. However, numerical simulations show that all elastic
moduli of geometrically disordered isostatic networks go to zero with system
size. This holds true for positional as well as for topological disorder. In
most cases, elastic moduli decrease as inverse power-laws of system size. On
directed isostatic networks, however, of which the square and cubic lattices
are particular cases, the decrease of the moduli is exponential with size. For
these, the observed elastic weakening can be quantitatively described in terms
of the multiplicative growth of stresses with system size, giving rise to bulk
and shear moduli of order exp{-bL}. The case of sphere packings, which only
accept compressive contact forces, is considered separately. It is argued that
these have a finite bulk modulus because of specific correlations in contact
disorder, introduced by the constraint of compressivity. We discuss why their
shear modulus, nevertheless, is again zero for large sizes. A quantitative
model is proposed that describes the numerically measured shear modulus, both
as a function of the loading angle and system size. In all cases, if a density
p>0 of overconstraints is present, as when a packing is deformed by
compression, or when a glass is outside its isostatic composition window, all
asymptotic moduli become finite. For square networks with periodic boundary
conditions, these are of order sqrt{p}. For directed networks, elastic moduli
are of order exp{-c/p}, indicating the existence of an "isostatic length scale"
of order 1/p.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figues, to appear in Europhysics Letter
Why Effective Medium Theory Fails in Granular Materials
Experimentally it is known that the bulk modulus, K, and shear modulus, \mu,
of a granular assembly of elastic spheres increase with pressure, p, faster
than the p^1/3 law predicted by effective medium theory (EMT) based on
Hertz-Mindlin contact forces. To understand the origin of these discrepancies,
we perform numerical simulations of granular aggregates under compression. We
show that EMT can describe the moduli pressure dependence if one includes the
increasing number of grain-grain contacts with p. Most important, the affine
assumption (which underlies EMT), is found to be valid for K(p) but breakdown
seriously for \mu(p). This explains why the experimental and numerical values
of \mu(p) are much smaller than the EMT predictions.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, http://polymer.bu.edu/~hmaks
The effective temperature
This review presents the effective temperature notion as defined from the
deviations from the equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation theorem in out of
equilibrium systems with slow dynamics. The thermodynamic meaning of this
quantity is discussed in detail. Analytic, numeric and experimental
measurements are surveyed. Open issues are mentioned.Comment: 58 page
Directed force chain networks and stress response in static granular materials
A theory of stress fields in two-dimensional granular materials based on
directed force chain networks is presented. A general equation for the
densities of force chains in different directions is proposed and a complete
solution is obtained for a special case in which chains lie along a discrete
set of directions. The analysis and results demonstrate the necessity of
including nonlinear terms in the equation. A line of nontrivial fixed point
solutions is shown to govern the properties of large systems. In the vicinity
of a generic fixed point, the response to a localized load shows a crossover
from a single, centered peak at intermediate depths to two propagating peaks at
large depths that broaden diffusively.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures. Minor corrections to one figur
Elastic wave propagation in confined granular systems
We present numerical simulations of acoustic wave propagation in confined
granular systems consisting of particles interacting with the three-dimensional
Hertz-Mindlin force law. The response to a short mechanical excitation on one
side of the system is found to be a propagating coherent wavefront followed by
random oscillations made of multiply scattered waves. We find that the coherent
wavefront is insensitive to details of the packing: force chains do not play an
important role in determining this wavefront. The coherent wave propagates
linearly in time, and its amplitude and width depend as a power law on
distance, while its velocity is roughly compatible with the predictions of
macroscopic elasticity. As there is at present no theory for the broadening and
decay of the coherent wave, we numerically and analytically study
pulse-propagation in a one-dimensional chain of identical elastic balls. The
results for the broadening and decay exponents of this system differ
significantly from those of the random packings. In all our simulations, the
speed of the coherent wavefront scales with pressure as ; we compare
this result with experimental data on various granular systems where deviations
from the behavior are seen. We briefly discuss the eigenmodes of the
system and effects of damping are investigated as well.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures; changes throughout text, especially Section V.
Macroscopic model with anisotropy based on micro-macro informations
Physical experiments can characterize the elastic response of granular
materials in terms of macroscopic state-variables, namely volume (packing)
fraction and stress, while the microstructure is not accessible and thus
neglected. Here, by means of numerical simulations, we analyze dense,
frictionless, granular assemblies with the final goal to relate the elastic
moduli to the fabric state, i.e., to micro-structural averaged contact network
features as contact number density and anisotropy.
The particle samples are first isotropically compressed and later
quasi-statically sheared under constant volume (undrained conditions). From
various static, relaxed configurations at different shear strains, now
infinitesimal strain steps are applied to "measure" the effective elastic
response; we quantify the strain needed so that plasticity in the sample
develops as soon as contact and structure rearrangements happen. Because of the
anisotropy induced by shear, volumetric and deviatoric stresses and strains are
cross-coupled via a single anisotropy modulus, which is proportional to the
product of deviatoric fabric and bulk modulus (i.e. the isotropic fabric).
Interestingly, the shear modulus of the material depends also on the actual
stress state, along with the contact configuration anisotropy.
Finally, a constitutive model based on incremental evolution equations for
stress and fabric is introduced. By using the previously measured dependence of
the stiffness tensor (elastic moduli) on the microstructure, the theory is able
to predict with good agreement the evolution of pressure, shear stress and
deviatoric fabric (anisotropy) for an independent undrained cyclic shear test,
including the response to reversal of strain
Granular media: some ideas from statistical physics
These lecture notes cover the statics and glassy dynamics of granular media.
Most of the lectures were in fact devoted to `force propagation' models. We
discuss the experimental and theoretical motivations for these approaches, and
their conceptual connections with Edwards' thermodynamical analogy. One of the
distinctive feature of granular media (common to many other `jammed' systems)
is indeed the large number of metastable states that are macroscopically
equivalent. We present in detail the (scalar) -model and its tensorial
generalization, that aim at modelling the existence of force chains and arching
effects without introducing any displacement field. The contrast between the
hyperbolic equations obtained within this line of thought and elliptic
(elastic) equations is emphasized. The role of disorder on these hyperbolic
equations is studied in details using perturbative and diagrammatic methods.
Recent (strong disorder) force chain network models are reviewed, and compared
with the experimental determination of the force `response function' in
granular materials. We briefly discuss several issues (such as isostaticity and
generic marginality) and open problems. At the end of these notes, we also
discuss the basic dynamical properties of_weakly tapped_ granular assemblies,
and stress the phenomenological analogies with other glassy materials. Simple
models that account for slow compaction and dynamical heterogeneities are
presented, that are inspired by `free-volume' ideas and Edwards' assumption. A
connection with the theory of fluctuating random surfaces, also noted recently
by Castillo et al., is suggested. Finally, we discuss how the `trap model' can
be adapted to granular materials, such that more subtle `memory' effects can be
accounted for.Comment: Slightly revised version, one figure and some references adde
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