1,491 research outputs found

    In-situ measurement methodology for the assessment of 5G NR massive MIMO base station exposure at sub-6 GHz frequencies

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    As the roll-out of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile telecommunications is well underway, standardized methods to assess the human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from 5G base station radios are needed in addition to existing numerical models and preliminary measurement studies. Challenges following the introduction of 5G New Radio (NR) include the utilization of new spectrum bands and the widespread use of technological advances such as Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) and beamforming. We propose a comprehensive and ready-to-use exposure assessment methodology for use with common spectrum analyzer equipment to measure or calculate in-situ the time-averaged instantaneous exposure and the theoretical maximum exposure from 5G NR base stations. Besides providing the correct method and equipment settings to capture the instantaneous exposure, the procedure also comprises a number of steps that involve the identification of the Synchronization Signal Block, which is the only 5G NR component that is transmitted periodically and at constant power, the assessment of the power density carried by its resources, and the subsequent extrapolation to the theoretical maximum exposure level. The procedure was validated on site for a 5G NR base station operating at 3.5 GHz, but it should be generally applicable to any 5G NR signal, i.e., as is for any sub-6 GHz signal and after adjustment of the proposed measurement settings for signals in the millimeter-wave range

    Towards environmental RF-EMF assessment of mmwave high-node density complex heterogeneous environments

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    The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provided in a public library study case, considering dense personal mobile communications (5G FR2 @28 GHz) and wireless 802.11ay (@60 GHz) data access services on the mmWave frequency range. By means of an enhanced in-house deterministic 3D ray launching (3D-RL) simulation tool for RF-EMF exposure assessment, different complex heterogenous scenarios of high complexity are assessed in realistic operation conditions, considering different user distributions and densities. The use of directive antennas and MIMO beamforming techniques, as well as all the corresponding features in terms of radio wave propagation, such as the body shielding effect, dispersive material properties of obstacles, the impact of the distribution of scatterers and the associated electromagnetic propagation phenomena, are considered for simulation. Discussion regarding the contribution and impact of the coexistence of multiple heterogeneous networks and services is presented, verifying compliance with the current established international regulation limits with exposure levels far below the aforementioned limits. Finally, the proposed simulation technique is validated with a complete empirical campaign of measurements, showing good agreement. In consequence, the obtained datasets and simulation estimations, along with the proposed RF-EMF simulation tool, could be a reference approach for the design, deployment and exposure assessment of the current and future wireless communication technologies on the mmWave spectrum, where massive high-node density heterogeneous networks are expected.Project RTI2018-095499-B-C31 was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, InnovaciΓ³n y Universidades, Gobierno de EspaΓ±a (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). This project received funding from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant 801538

    Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G Communication

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    The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions

    Analysis of the impact of EMF exposure in 5G deployments

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    Abstract. 5G or fifth-generation mobile network is being developed to meet the massive increase in data and connectivity, and it connects billions of devices via the internet of things. A significant advantage of 5G is the fast response time, also known as latency, which is delivered by faster connections and greater capacity. As 5G is using high frequencies such as above 6GHz, people are concerned about this electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure because it uses a large number of transmitters. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) issued guidelines to protect humans and the environment from radio frequency electro magnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in the frequency range of 100kHz-300GHz. These constraints are expressed in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR), electric and magnetic field strength, and power density. The goal of this thesis is to analyse the impact of EMF exposure in 5G deployment. The first step was to examine the EMF and its characteristics in general and in 5G in particular. Characteristics of 5G which are relevant to the electromagnetic field were then analyzed. The regulations related to human exposure to EMF were investigated globally, regionally, and in selected countries and compared with the key parameters including incident electric field strength, incident magnetic field strength, and incident power strength. To analyze the impact of the EMF in 5G two methods were used to assess EMF exposure: calculating the minimum distance and assessing the power density. Power density assessments were done for three different frequency bands (700MHz,1800MHz, and 3.5GHz), five different environmental scenarios (indoor hotspot, dense urban, rural, urban macro massive machine-type communications (mMTC), urban micro ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and four different scenarios of a typical 5G network (indoor hotspot, dense urban, micro, micro remote radio head (RRH)), and by co-locating the three transmitters in the frequency bands 700MHz,1800MHz and 3.5GHz. The results of the power density assessment in frequency bands 700MHz,1800Mhz, and 3.5GHz show that there is no EMF exposure near the transmitters. However, with the simulation results, we can see that there is an EMF exposure near the transmitter when considering various scenarios such as dense urban, rural, urban macro mMTC, urban micro URLLC, micro and micro remote radio head (RRH). With the simulation results of co-locating transmitters also we can see that there is also EMF exposure close to the transmitters. So, when deploying the 5G network in these environmental conditions, EMF regulations and limitations should be taken into greater account and deployment should be carried out to minimize this exposure. Thus, when planning the 5G network this exposed area should be included as a restricted area that the general public cannot access

    ΠšΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅Π»ΡΡ†ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ элСктромагнитного загрязнСния ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ COVID-19. 4G/5G/6G ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ бСзопасными для людСй

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    The paper considers a hypothesis concerned the possible influence of electromagnetic pollution of the environment on the lethality rate of the population from coronavirus infection, along with other factors. The hypothesis is indirectly confirmed by the correlation between the degree of rigidity of hygienic regulations of radio frequency electromagnetic background levels for the population, which are mainly created by mobile (cellular) communication systems, and the lethality rate from COVID-19 in various countries. A special measures to ensure the safety of rapid development of technologies, systems and services for mobile communications of the fourth (4G), fifth (5G), and, by 2030, the sixth (6G) generation, associated with an increase by several orders of magnitude in the number of radiating devices, the data transmission rates over radio frequency channels and the area capacity of mobile traffic, are discussed. For quantitative analysis of these processes, a practical method of worst-case estimation of electromagnetic background level generated by these systems has been developed, verified using the results of numerous measurements of the electromagnetic background in various countries, and described in this paper. This technique is based on the use of the integrated system characteristics of wireless information services and makes it possible to justify the necessary system, technical and managerial solutions aimed at ensuring the necessary level of electromagnetic ecology of populous areas and electromagnetic safety of people in conditions of rapid advancement of 4G/5G/6G systems without affecting the quality of informational support of the population and information technologies in economy, education, healthcare and other sectors.Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ рассматриваСтся Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, наряду с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, влияниина ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ смСртности насСлСния ΠΎΡ‚ коронавирусной ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ уровня элСктромагнитного загрязнСния срСды обитания. Π“ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° косвСнно подтвСрТдаСтся Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ коррСляции ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡŽ ТСсткости гигиСничСского нормирования ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ радиочастотного элСктромагнитного Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π° для насСлСния, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ источником ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ систСмы мобильной (сотовой) связи, ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ смСртности ΠΎΡ‚ COVID-19 Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… странах. ΠžΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ бСзопасногобыстрого развития Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, систСм ΠΈ услуг мобильной связи Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (4G), пятого (5G), Π° ΠΊ 2030 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΈ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (6G) поколСния, связанного с ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° нСсколько порядков числа ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств, скорости ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ радиочастотным ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ плотности Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠ° мобильной связи. Для количСствСнного Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° этих процСссов Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° с использованиСм Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² многочислСнных ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ элСктромагнитного Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… странах практичСская ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° пСссимистичСской ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ уровня элСктромагнитного Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π°, создаваСмогоэтими систСмами, основныС полоТСния ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅. Данная ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° основана Π½Π° использовании ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСмных характСристик бСспроводного ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обслуТивания общСства ΠΈ позволяСт ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ систСмныС, тСхничСскиС ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° обСспСчСниС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня элСктромагнитной экологии насСлСнных Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ элСктромагнитной бСзопасности насСлСния Π² условиях быстрого развития систСм 4G/5G/6G Π±Π΅Π· ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Ρ€Π±Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ насСлСния ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ тСхнологиям Π² экономикС, ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… областях

    A survey and tutorial of electromagnetic radiation and reduction in mobile communication systems

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    This paper provides a survey and tutorial of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure and reduction in mobile communication systems. EM radiation exposure has received a fair share of interest in the literature; however, this work is one of the first to compile the most interesting results and ideas related to EM exposure in mobile communication systems and present possible ways of reducing it. We provide a comprehensive survey of existing literature and also offer a tutorial on the dosimetry, metrics, international projects as well as guidelines and limits on the exposure from EM radiation in mobile communication systems. Based on this survey and given that EM radiation exposure is closely linked with specific absorption rate (SAR) and transmit power usage, we propose possible techniques for reducing EM radiation exposure in mobile communication systems by exploring known concepts related to SAR and transmit power reduction in mobile systems. Thus, this paper serves as an introductory guide to EM radiation exposure in mobile communication systems and provides insights toward the design of future low-EM exposure mobile communication networks

    How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

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    The rolling-out of 5G antennas over the territory is a fundamental step to provide 5G connectivity. However, little efforts have been done so far on the exposure assessment from 5G cellular towers over young people and 'sensitive' buildings, like schools and medical centers. To face such issues, we provide a sound methodology for the numerical evaluation of 5G (and pre-5G) downlink exposure over children, teenagers, schools and medical centers. We then apply the proposed methodology over two real scenarios. Results reveal that the exposure from 5G cellular towers will increase in the forthcoming years, in parallel with the growth of the 5G adoption levels. However, the exposure levels are well below the maximum ones defined by international regulations. Moreover, the exposure over children and teenagers is similar to the one of the whole population, while the exposure over schools and medical centers can be lower than the one of the whole set of buildings. Finally, the exposure from 5G is strongly lower than the pre-5G one when the building attenuation is introduced and a maturity adoption level for 5G is assumed
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