RFID Localisation For Internet Of Things Smart Homes: A Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables numerous business opportunities in fields as diverse as e-health, smart cities, smart homes, among many others. The IoT incorporates multiple long-range, short-range, and personal area wireless networks and technologies into the designs of IoT applications. Localisation in indoor positioning systems plays an important role in the IoT. Location Based IoT applications range from tracking objects and people in real-time, assets management, agriculture, assisted monitoring technologies for healthcare, and smart homes, to name a few. Radio Frequency based systems for indoor positioning such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a key enabler technology for the IoT due to its costeffective, high readability rates, automatic identification and, importantly, its energy efficiency characteristic. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art RFID technologies in IoT Smart Homes applications. It presents several comparable studies of RFID based projects in smart homes and discusses the applications, techniques, algorithms, and challenges of adopting RFID technologies in IoT smart home systems.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures, 3 table

Location estimation in smart homes setting with RFID systems

Indoor localisation technologies are a core component of Smart Homes. Many applications within Smart Homes benefit from localisation technologies to determine the locations of things, objects and people. The tremendous characteristics of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have become one of the enabler technologies in the Internet of Things (IOT) that connect objects and things wirelessly. RFID is a promising technology in indoor positioning that not only uniquely identifies entities but also locates affixed RFID tags on objects or subjects in stationary and real-time. The rapid advancement in RFID-based systems has sparked the interest of researchers in Smart Homes to employ RFID technologies and potentials to assist with optimising (non-) pervasive healthcare systems in automated homes. In this research localisation techniques and enabled positioning sensors are investigated. Passive RFID sensors are used to localise passive tags that are affixed to Smart Home objects and track the movement of individuals in stationary and real-time settings. In this study, we develop an affordable passive localisation platform using inexpensive passive RFID sensors. To fillful this aim, a passive localisation framework using minimum tracking resources (RFID sensors) has been designed. A localisation prototype and localisation application that examined the affixed RFID tag on objects to evaluate our proposed locaisation framework was then developed. Localising algorithms were utilised to achieve enhanced accuracy of localising one particular passive tag which that affixed to target objects. This thesis uses a general enough approach so that it could be applied more widely to other applications in addition to Health Smart Homes. A passive RFID localising framework is designed and developed through systematic procedures. A localising platform is built to test the proposed framework, along with developing a RFID tracking application using Java programming language and further data analysis in MATLAB. This project applies localisation procedures and evaluates them experimentally. The experimental study positively confirms that our proposed localisation framework is capable of enhancing the accuracy of the location of the tracked individual. The low-cost design uses only one passive RFID target tag, one RFID reader and three to four antennas

Backscatter Transponder Based on Frequency Selective Surface for FMCW Radar Applications

This paper describes an actively-controlled frequency selective surface (FSS) to implement a backscatter transponder. The FSS is composed by dipoles loaded with switching PIN diodes. The transponder exploits the change in the radar cross section (RCS) of the FSS with the bias of the diodes to modulate the backscattered response of the tag to the FMCW radar. The basic operation theory of the system is explained here. An experimental setup based on a commercial X-band FMCW radar working as a reader is proposed to measure the transponders. The transponder response can be distinguished from the interference of non-modulated clutter, modulating the transponder’s RCS. Some FSS with different number of dipoles are studied, as a proof of concept. Experimental results at several distances are provided

The Applicability of RFID for Indoor Localization

Chapter 11 : The applicability of RFID for indoor localizatio

Twins:Device-free Object Tracking using Passive Tags

Without requiring objects to carry any transceiver, device-free based object tracking provides a promising solution for many localization and tracking systems to monitor non-cooperative objects such as intruders. However, existing device-free solutions mainly use sensors and active RFID tags, which are much more expensive compared to passive tags. In this paper, we propose a novel motion detection and tracking method using passive RFID tags, named Twins. The method leverages a newly observed phenomenon called critical state caused by interference among passive tags. We contribute to both theory and practice of such phenomenon by presenting a new interference model that perfectly explains this phenomenon and using extensive experiments to validate it. We design a practical Twins based intrusion detection scheme and implement a real prototype with commercial off-the-shelf reader and tags. The results show that Twins is effective in detecting the moving object, with low location error of 0.75m in average

Research on port AGV composite positioning based on UWB/RFID

In recent years, ports in various countries have successively carried out research and application of fully automated terminal. The terminal adopts the "Double car shore bridge + AGV + ARMG" automation process, which is the most widely used and relatively mature fully automated solution. At present, the AGV navigation of the terminal is based on RFID magnetic nail positioning and the accuracy is good. However, nowadays UWB technology has become the most popular technology in ranging and positioning. The research in this work is based on UWB/RFID composite positioning, which is mainly used for the specific localization tasks in the port and it can accurately locate the position of the AGV. This MSc work studies the UWB positioning system first and then researches the traditional 3D positioning algorithm. Importance contribution expressed by 3D TOA localization algorithm. For RFID system, this connection between the reader and the carrier is designed, and the reference tag is buried. At last, data-based on RFID localization algorithm in scene analysis method is adopted for positioning. Secondly, the basis of the composite positioning system is data fusion technology. The most widely used and mature fusion algorithm is the Kalman filter algorithm and Particle filter. Finally, the experimental analysis of UWB and RFID composite positioning system is implemented. The results indicate that UWB and RFID composite positioning system can reduce the cost of the positioning system. Higher positioning accuracy and robustness are characterizing the developed system.Nos últimos anos, portos de vários países realizaram sucessivamente pesquisas e aplicações de terminais totalmente automatizados. O terminal adota o processo de automação "Double car shore bridge + AGV + ARMG", que é a solução totalmente automatizada mais amplamente utilizada e relativamente madura. Atualmente, a navegação AGV do terminal é baseada no posicionamento da etiqueta RFID e a precisão é boa. No entanto, hoje em dia, a tecnologia UWB tornou-se na tecnologia mais popular relativamente ao alcance e posicionamento. A pesquisa neste trabalho é baseada no posicionamento composto por UWB / RFID, usado principalmente para tarefas de localização específicas nos portos, podendo desta forma localizar-se com precisão a posição do AGV. Este projeto de mestrado estuda em primeiro lugar o sistema de posicionamento UWB, e depois um algoritmo tradicional de posicionamento 3D. A contribuição da importância expressa pelo algoritmo de posicionamento “time of arrival” (TOA) 3D foi proposta. Para o sistema de posicionamento RFID, a conexão entre o leitor e a transportadora é projetada e a etiqueta de referência é ocultada. Por fim, o algoritmo de “k-nearest neighbor” baseado numa base de dados e no método de análise de cena é adotado para realizar o posicionamento. Em segundo lugar, a base do sistema de posicionamento composto é a tecnologia de fusão de dados. O algoritmo de fusão mais amplamente utilizado e maduro é o algoritmo de filtro Kalman e o filtro de partículas. Finalmente, é realizada a análise experimental do sistema de posicionamento composto UWB e RFID. Os resultados experimentais mostram que o sistema de posicionamento composto UWB e RFID pode reduzir o custo do sistema de posicionamento. O sistema desenvolvido é caracterizado por uma maior precisão de posicionamento e robustez

Hybrid UHF/UWB antenna for passive indoor identification and localization systems

WOS:000312996000040 (Nº de Acesso Web of Science)There is a growing interest for simultaneous identification and centimetre-resolution localization of multiple targets in indoor environments. A hybrid passive UHF/UWB RFID concept has been recently proposed that conciliates the potential from high resolution UWB impulse radio with the typical range from UHF-RFID identification systems. This paper proposes a new planar antenna for hybrid passive tag systems, which operates both in the UHF-RFID band and in the FCC UWB band. The co-designed UHF and UWB antenna elements are printed back-to-back on each side of a common substrate with appropriate topology for future integration with a single UHF-UWB RFID chip. Experimental tests have shown that both UHF-RFID and UWB performance of the hybrid antenna are comparable to available commercial solutions that work just on a single band. The antenna is adequate for low-cost mass production of hybrid passive tags. It aims at low-cost passive RFID systems combining the ability of item identification with precise tracking in indoor environments

Accuracy evaluation of probabilistic location methods in UWB-RFID systems

The present project is focused on investigating the achievable accuracy of classical location methods commonly used in wireless and proposing an alternative location method based on combining two of them. The first part of the project studies the advantages and disadvantages of extending Ultra Wideband and Radiofrequency Identification technologies on some classical location methods. As a result of the study and with the goal of improving accuracy in indoor radio propagation channels, the Received Strength Signal-based location method and the Time Difference Of Arrival-based location method are selected to be combined in the alternative location method, including the proper channel models. This combined location method takes advantage of the virtues of each location method and combines information in order to improve the estimation of one target's position when locating in indoor channel. The second part of the project is devoted to analyse and simulate the modified RSS, TDOA and Combined location methods, considering the randomness of a real multipath fading channel. Results show that the Combined location method performs always the best accuracy. Specifically in analytical study, the combined location method provides a deterministic error of 24 cm which represents an improvement of 54% and 15% of the RSS and TDOA accuracies respectively. In the simulated study, results show that it is able to improve the accuracy up to 46% and 85% of the RSS and TDOA respectively in specific evaluated points