Focusing on UN Village and Seorae Village as Comparative Case Studies

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 도시설계학전공, 2021.8. Choon Choi.The `Gatedness` as an urban phenomenon inside contemporary cities points at increased segregation at neighborhoods on both spatial and perceptional levels, even when no physical gates or enclosure is present. In the case of affluent neighborhoods, tactics for exclusivity have been creating segregated environments inside the central urban areas, and in turn decreased community interaction within the neighborhoods. `Gatedness`, or exclusionary neighborhoods separate themselves from the surrounding communities, and create small niche neighborhoods of exclusivity that enhance spatial segregation. The UN Village and Seorae Village in Seoul, offer two case studies for how such tactics are hidden in plain sight. The tactical criteria used in those two villages are also widespread in other communities throughout Seoul, which possibly will give further evidence on how they affect the urban trends and influence public realm in communities of various economic and social backgrounds. This overall acceptance of `gatedness` and other exclusionary elements such as signage, lack of public transportation, and pedestrian connectivity slowly have spread to other neighborhoods, creating a sense of otherness for outsiders.현대 도시 내부의 도시적 현상인 '게이티드니스'는 물리적 출입문이나 외함이 없는 상황에서도 공간적, 지각적 차원에서 동네의 분리가 심해지는 것을 가리킨다. 부유한 지역의 경우, 배타적 전략을 통해 도심 지역 내에 분리된 환경을 조성하고, 지역 내 지역사회 상호작용을 감소시켰다. 게이티드니스(Gatedness)는 주변 지역사회와 분리되어 공간적 분리를 강화하는 배타적 작은 틈새 동네를 만든다. 서울 유엔 빌리지와 서래 마을은 이런 전술이 어떻게 눈에 띄지 않는가에 대한 두 가지 사례 연구를 제공한다. 이 두 마을에서 사용되는 전술적 기준은 서울 전역의 다른 지역 사회에도 널리 퍼져 있으며, 이는 이 두 마을들이 다양한 경제적, 사회적 배경을 가진 지역 사회의 공공 영역에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 추가적인 증거를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 '게이티드니스'에 대한 전반적인 인식과 간판, 대중교통 부족, 보행자 연결성 등 배제 요소가 다른 지역으로 서서히 확산되면서 외부인에게도 다른 느낌을 주고 있다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of Research 1 1.2 Research Questions 4 1.3 Purpose of Research 4 1.4 Research Methodology 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review 7 2.1 Gated Community Definitions 7 2.1.1 Physical Definitions 8 2.1.2 Social Definitions 11 2.2 Social Fabric of Cities 12 2.3 Korean Gated Residential Units 13 2.4 Difference between Korean Gated Residential Units and Other Western Examples 16 2.5 Negative Influence of Gated Communities 19 Chapter 3 Hannam-dong, UN Village 23 3.1 UN Village General Information 23 3.2 History of the Area 27 3.3 UN Village Surroundings 30 3.4 Difference with Other Gated Neighborhoods of Seoul 31 Chapter 4 Spatial Segregation - Gatedness 35 4.1 Definition of Gatedness 35 4.2 Comparison of Gatedness and Gated Community 38 Chapter 5 Criterias of Spatial Segregation - Gatedness 41 5.1 Social Criteria 41 5.1.1 Otherness 41 5.1.2 Reputation 44 5.2 Physical Criteria 46 5.2.1 Geography 46 5.2.2 Connectivity 50 5.2.3 Accessibility 52 5.2.4 Signage 55 5.3 Impacts of Criteria 63 Chapter 6 Comperative Study on UN Village and Seorae Village 63 6.1 Seorae Village 63 6.1.1 Otherness 66 6.1.2 Reputation 68 6.1.3 Geography 69 6.1.4 Accessibility 70 6.1.5 Connectivity 71 6.1.6 Signage 72 6.2. Criteria in Seorae Village 64 6.2.1. Otherness 64 6.2.2. Reputation 66 6.2.3. Geography 67 6.2.4. Accessibility 68 6.2.5. Connectivity 69 6.2.6. Signage 70 6.3 Comparative study on Seorae Village and UN Village 78 Chapter 7 Conclusion 87 Bibliography 89 Appendix 93 Abstract in Korean 104석

Advancing IoT Platforms Interoperability

The IoT European Platforms Initiative (IoT-EPI) projects are addressing the topic of Internet of Things and Platforms for Connected Smart Objects and aim to deliver an IoT extended into a web of platforms for connected devices and objects that supports smart environments, businesses, services and persons with dynamic and adaptive configuration capabilities. The specific areas of focus of the research activities are architectures and semantic interoperability, which reliably cover multiple use cases. The goal is to deliver dynamically-configured infrastructure and integration platforms for connected smart objects covering multiple technologies and multiple intelligent artefacts. The IoT-EPI ecosystem has been created with the objective of increasing the impact of the IoT-related European research and innovation, including seven European promising projects on IoT platforms: AGILE, BIG IoT, INTER-IoT, VICINITY, SymbIoTe, bIoTope, and TagItSmart.This white paper provides an insight regarding interoperability in the IoT platforms and ecosystems created and used by IoT-EPI. The scope of this document covers the interoperability aspects, challenges and approaches that cope with interoperability in the current existing IoT platforms and presents some insights regarding the future of interoperability in this context. It presents possible solutions, and a possible IoT interoperability platform architecture

Single Market 2.0: the European Union as a Platform. Research Papers in Law 2/2020.

ften defined as “unfinished business”, the European Union’s market integration process appears to have become more fragile than ever at the beginning of the new decade. Already in 2010, the Monti report denounced the existence of a Single Market “fatigue”, which made it difficult to complete the market integration process, especially in most difficult areas such as services.1 Today, Brexit potentially threatens the future attractiveness of the Single Market, by depriving the Union of its third largest economy and leading to an unprecedented thorn in the EU’s pride, as a Member of the Union sets sail. At the same time, the post-Brexit single market may become more cohesive and ambitious, as one of the most reluctant Member States leaves the group: the Union may also have the opportunity to re-discover some of the features of continental Europe’s legal and economic traditions, from Civil Law rules to state-led industrial policy, which faced obstacles when the UK was in the Union.2 Against this background, the challenges for the Single Market project do not end with Brexit. To the contrary, EU policymakers are confronted with a frustrating prospect: as they try to complete the Single Market, technological evolution is pushing the frontier of integration further, requiring new efforts and policies to fully achieve the desired goal. In particular, the digital transformation is changing the traditional, textbook economics of market integration, based on tenets such as economies of scale and the four freedoms. The rise of the digital economy requires a radical change in the policies for the Single Market, as well as in the trade policies that underpin the whole market integration process. Trends such as the virtualisation, servitisation and platformisation of the economy (as described below), coupled with the rise of the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence, make market integration at once more appealing and increasingly challenging for EU policymakers, projecting the Single Market into a complete new dimension, in which the “Fifth Freedom” (the free circulation of non-personal data) is intertwined with new concerns with the need to protect fundamental rights, and at the same time secure Europe’s technological sovereignty

Settlement in modern network-based payment infrastructures – description and prototype of the E-Settlement model

Payment systems are undergoing rapid and fundamental changes stimulated largely by technological progress especially distributed network technology and real-time processing. Internet and e-commerce will have a major impact on payment systems in the future. User demands and competition will speed up developments. Payment systems will move from conventions that were originally paper-based to truly network-based solutions. This paper presents a solution – E-Settlement – for improving interbank settlement systems. It is based on a decentralised approach to be fully integrated with the banks’ payment systems. The basic idea is that central bank money, the settlement cover, is transferred as an encrypted digital stamp as part of the interbank payment message. The future payment systems would in this model operate close to the Internet/e-mail concept by sending payment messages directly from the sending bank’s account/payment server to the system of the receiving bank with immediate final interbank settlement without intervening centralised processing. Payment systems would become more efficient and faster and the overall structure would be come straightforward. The E-Settlement and network-based system concept could be applied with major benefits for correspondent banking, ACH and RTGS processing environments. In order to assess this novel idea the Bank of Finland built a prototype of the E-Settlement model. It consist of a group of emulated banks sending payments to each other via a TCP/IP network under the control of a central bank as the liquidity provider and an administration site monitoring the system security. This paper contains an introduction to network-based payment systems and E-Settlement, the specifications of the E-Settlement model and the description, results and experiences of the actual E-Settlement prototype.network-based payment systems; settlement systems; interbank settlement; payment system integration

Reprogramming the World: Cyberspace and the Geography of Global Order

We live in a world of “fake news”, data breaches, election hacking, and cyberwarfare. We live in a world in which 280 characters can change everything. Our analog past has been replaced with digital realities. The world itself is being reprogrammed. This statement might seem like a quippy metaphor, but it actually reveals something much more concrete. The central claim of this book is that digital technologies are rewiring the way that society understands and thinks about global order as Cyberspace changes the content of international borders. Understanding these developments is critical to understanding the future of global society

Capital markets and e-fraud: policy note and concept paper for future study

The technological dependency of securities exchanges on internet-based (IP) platforms has dramatically increased the industry's exposure to reputation, market, and operational risks. In addition, the convergence of several innovations in the market are adding stress to these systems. These innovations affect everything from software to system design and architecture. These include the use of XML (extensible markup language) as the industry IP language, STP or straight through processing of data, pervasive or diffuse computing and grid computing, as well as the increased use of Internet and wireless. The fraud is not new, rather, the magnitude and speed by which fraud can be committed has grown exponentially due to the convergence of once private networks on-line. It is imperative that senior management of securities markets and brokerage houses be properly informed of the negative externalities associated with e-brokerage and the possible critical points of failure that exist in today's digitized financial sector as they grow into tomorrow's exchanges. The overwhelming issue regarding e-finance is to determine the true level of understanding that senior management has about on-line platforms, including the inherent risks and the depth of the need to use it wisely. Kellermann and McNevin attempt to highlight the various risks that have been magnified by the increasing digitalization of processes within the brokerage arena and explain the need for concerted research and analysis of these as well as the profound consequences that may entail without proper planning. An effective legal, regulatory, and enforcement framework is essential for creating the right incentive structure for market participants. The legal and regulatory framework should focus on the improvement of internal monitoring of risks and vulnerabilities, greater information sharing about these risks and vulnerabilities, education and training on the care and use of these technologies, and better reporting of risks and responses. Public/private partnerships and collaborations also are needed to create an electronic commerce (e-commerce) environment that is safe and sound.Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Financial Intermediation,ICT Policy and Strategies,Banks&Banking Reform

Advancing IoT Platforms Interoperability

The IoT European Platforms Initiative (IoT-EPI) projects are addressing the topic of Internet of Things and Platforms for Connected Smart Objects and aim to deliver an IoT extended into a web of platforms for connected devices and objects that supports smart environments, businesses, services and persons with dynamic and adaptive configuration capabilities. The specific areas of focus of the research activities are architectures and semantic interoperability, which reliably cover multiple use cases. The goal is to deliver dynamically-configured infrastructure and integration platforms for connected smart objects covering multiple technologies and multiple intelligent artefacts. The IoT-EPI ecosystem has been created with the objective of increasing the impact of the IoT-related European research and innovation, including seven European promising projects on IoT platforms: AGILE, BIG IoT, INTER-IoT, VICINITY, SymbIoTe, bIoTope, and TagItSmart.This white paper provides an insight regarding interoperability in the IoT platforms and ecosystems created and used by IoT-EPI. The scope of this document covers the interoperability aspects, challenges and approaches that cope with interoperability in the current existing IoT platforms and presents some insights regarding the future of interoperability in this context. It presents possible solutions, and a possible IoT interoperability platform architecture