2,973 research outputs found
The Influence of the Andean Intellectual Property Regime on Access to Medicines in Latin America
This chapter is a contribution to Balancing Wealth and Health: Global Administrative Law and the Battle over Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines in Latin America, Rochelle Dreyfuss & CĂ©sar RodrĂguez-Garavito, eds. Part I of the chapter explains how the repeated interactions between the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) and domestic IP agencies in the Andean Community helped to build an effective IP rule of law and to solidify pro-consumer interpretations of regional patent and trademark rules. Part II documents how ATJ judges and agency officials enabled Andean governments to resist pressure from the United States and its pharmaceutical industry to circumvent the flexibilities in regional IP rules. Part III considers the broader implications of the Andean experience for access to medicines in Latin America, drawing on examples from the national case studies in this volume
The Influence of the Andean Intellectual Property Regime on Access to Medicines in Latin America
This chapter is a contribution to Balancing Wealth and Health: Global Administrative Law and the Battle over Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines in Latin America, Rochelle Dreyfuss & CĂ©sar RodrĂguez-Garavito, eds. Part I of the chapter explains how the repeated interactions between the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) and domestic IP agencies in the Andean Community helped to build an effective IP rule of law and to solidify pro-consumer interpretations of regional patent and trademark rules. Part II documents how ATJ judges and agency officials enabled Andean governments to resist pressure from the United States and its pharmaceutical industry to circumvent the flexibilities in regional IP rules. Part III considers the broader implications of the Andean experience for access to medicines in Latin America, drawing on examples from the national case studies in this volume
Markets for technology (why do we see them, why don't we see more of them and why we should care)
This essay explores the nature, the functioning, and the economic and policy implications of markets for technology. Today, the outsourcing of research and development activities is more common than in the past, and specialized technology suppliers have emerged in many industries. In a sense, the Schumpeterian vision of integrating R&D with manufacturing and distribution is being confronted by the older Smithian vision of division of labor. The existence and efficacy of markets for technology can profoundly influence the creation and diffusion of new knowledge, and hence, economic growth of countries and the competitive position of companies. The economic and managerial literatures have touched upon some aspects of the nature of these markets. However, a thorough understanding of how markets for technology work is still lacking. In this essay we address two main questions. First, what are the factors that enable a market for technology to exist and function effectively? Specifically we look at the role of industry structure, the nature of knowledge, and intellectual property rights and related institutions. Second, we ask what the implications of such markets are for the boundaries of the firm, the specialization and division of labor in the economy, industry structure, and economic growth. We build on this discussion to develop the implications of our work for public policy and corporate strategy
AI & IP Innovation & Creativity in an Age of Accelerated Change, 52 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2018)
From a glimmer in the eye of a Victorian woman ahead of her time, AI has become a cornerstone of innovation that “will be the defining technology of our time.” Around 2016, the convergence of computing power, funding, data, and open-source platforms tipped us into an AIdriven 4IR. AI can make a difference in accelerating disruptive innovation by bringing a data-driven approach to invention and creation. To do so, the law must embrace change and innovation as an imperative in a journey towards an ever-shifting horizon. In the creative arts, the work for hire doctrine provides a pragmatic legal vehicle for interests to vest and negotiated by the commercial interests best placed to encourage investment in both the technology and its downstream uses. Like humangenerated work, AI-generated work is an amalgam of mimicry mined from our own learning and experience. The training data it draws upon, both for expressive and non-expressive sues, are merely grist for AI’s mill. Consequently, fair use must be liberally applied to prevent holdup by copyright owners and stifle transformative uses enabled by AI. AI can also be used to decipher complex copyright infringement cases such as those involving musical compositions. In the technological arts, the controversy will revolve around who owns innovative breakthroughs primarily or totally attributed to AI. How should these breakthroughs affect the regard for the notion of PHOSITA? How does AI change the equation when it comes to infringement? And how can AI help save the patent system from obsolescence? In these, AI both enables and challenges how we reward individuals whose ingenuity, industry, and determination overcame the frailty of the human condition to offer us inventions that make our lives more efficient and pleasurable. It will take a clear-eyed view to ensure that copyright and patent laws do not impede the very progress they were designed to promote
AI & IP Innovation & Creativity in an Age of Accelerated Change
From a glimmer in the eye of a Victorian woman ahead of her time, AI has become a cornerstone of innovation that “will be the defining technology of our time.” Around 2016, the convergence of computing power, funding, data, and open-source platforms tipped us into an AI-driven 4IR. AI can make a difference in accelerating disruptive innovation by bringing a data-driven approach to invention and creation. To do so, the law must embrace change and innovation as an imperative in a journey towards an ever-shifting horizon. In the creative arts, the work for hire doctrine provides a pragmatic legal vehicle for interests to vest and negotiated by the commercial interests best placed to encourage investment in both the technology and its downstream uses. Like human-generated work, AI-generated work is an amalgam of mimicry mined from our own learning and experience. The training data it draws upon, both for expressive and non-expressive sues, are merely grist for AI’s mill. Consequently, fair use must be liberally applied to prevent holdup by copyright owners and stifle transformative uses enabled by AI. AI can also be used to decipher complex copyright infringement cases such as those involving musical compositions. In the technological arts, the controversy will revolve around who owns innovative breakthroughs primarily or totally attributed to AI. How should these breakthroughs affect the regard for the notion of PHOSITA? How does AI change the equation when it comes to infringement? And how can AI help save the patent system from obsolescence? In these, AI both enables and challenges how we reward individuals whose ingenuity, industry, and determination overcame the frailty of the human condition to offer us inventions that make our lives more efficient and pleasurable. It will take a clear-eyed view to ensure that copyright and patent laws do not impede the very progress they were designed to promote
Reply With: Proactive Recommendation of Email Attachments
Email responses often contain items-such as a file or a hyperlink to an
external document-that are attached to or included inline in the body of the
message. Analysis of an enterprise email corpus reveals that 35% of the time
when users include these items as part of their response, the attachable item
is already present in their inbox or sent folder. A modern email client can
proactively retrieve relevant attachable items from the user's past emails
based on the context of the current conversation, and recommend them for
inclusion, to reduce the time and effort involved in composing the response. In
this paper, we propose a weakly supervised learning framework for recommending
attachable items to the user. As email search systems are commonly available,
we constrain the recommendation task to formulating effective search queries
from the context of the conversations. The query is submitted to an existing IR
system to retrieve relevant items for attachment. We also present a novel
strategy for generating labels from an email corpus---without the need for
manual annotations---that can be used to train and evaluate the query
formulation model. In addition, we describe a deep convolutional neural network
that demonstrates satisfactory performance on this query formulation task when
evaluated on the publicly available Avocado dataset and a proprietary dataset
of internal emails obtained through an employee participation program.Comment: CIKM2017. Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on
Information and Knowledge Management. 201
Midwest Intellectual Property Summit
Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held November 17, 202
Factors Affecting The Development of Chengdu Kuanzhai Cultural And Creative Industry Investment Group Co.,Ltd.
This article employs mixed-method research aiming to determine the factors affecting and improving the development level of Chengdu cultural creative industry in Sichuan Province. The research site is Chengdu Kuanzhai Cultural and Creative Industry Investment Group Co., Ltd. The population is made up of company personnel, a total of 130 people, and the sample size is 100 respondents. Research respondents include company managers and employees at staff level. The research instruments include the questionnaire for the quantitative research method and the interview for the qualitative method. The data analyses comprise of multiple linear regression for quantitative analysis and content analysis for qualitative analysis. The research findings show that creative talents, creativity, technology, intellectual property and culture have significant influences on the development of cultural and creative industries in Chengdu, China
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