L. Tesnière et “Le genie particulier de l’allemand”

Qu'il me soit permis de braquer le projecteur sur le germaniste Lucien Tesnière. En effet, le thème choisi avec bonheur par les organisateurs de ce Congrès de Ljubljana, permet le positionnement d'autant plus juste des nombreuses langues naturelles, que L. Tesnière les situe dans ce contact ou contraste, nécessaire à! l’interaction européenne. Si, l'année demière, Rouen a privilégié, comme il se doit, le franais, si aujourd'hui, et à juste titre, Ljubljana met en lumière le slovène, et si le mois dernier Strasbourg a réuni les  approches germanistes et romanistes - et géopolitique oblige - l'oeuvre si riche di Tesnière invite à des retours

Klasa "zjawiska naturalne" w języku francuskim i polskim - opis zorientowany obiektowo

The aim of the dissertation is to study and describe a group of substantives belonging to the category of natural phenomena. This description is based on the methodology o f object-oriented approach. It is a new type of lexicographical description proposed by Professor W. Banyś . The initial category of natural phenomena and its name is based on the classification presented by the WordNet lexical database and it has been expanded on during the process of description of individual entries. Before proceeding to the analysis and description of nouns, the author presents a survey of contemporary theories of lexicographical description dealing with the issue of automatic translation. The author begins with discussing the electronic lexical database: the object-oriented approach. The main issue is the necessity of creating electronic dictionaries that should not only copy the contents of standard dictionaries with their explicit information, but also include some of the implicit information, e.g. : hierarchies o f semantic dependencies. The following part deals with the idea of electronic dictionary proposed by the Linguistic Laboratory in Paris. The main concepts used in the description are: syntactico-semantic features, the semantic notion of “object classes” and Operateurs appropries. The morphological data is placed in the so called fields (champs). The dictionary therefore contains the lexical, syntactic and semantic information necessary for the automatic analysis of sentences in a text. The basic goal is therefore to construct all the parameters necessary for the complete description of the usages of predicates with the precision and completeness required by automatic analysis. The next part presents the Meaning-Text linguistic theory proposed by I. Mel’cuk and A. Zolkovsky . The MT theory is a system of rules simulating the linguistic behavior o f humans. More specifically, this theory is aimed at performing the transition from what is loosely called ‘meanings’ ( any information or content that a speaker may be willing to transmit ) to texts ( physical manifestation of speech). This operation requires, apart from the meaning of lexemes, the semantic relations between words. These semantic relations are presented by means of lexical functions. The authors of this model have specified about 60 possible semantic relations between lexemes. The last theory discussed in the dissertation is The Generative Lexicon model by J. Pusteyovsky . It addresses the problem of multiplicity of word meanings — how the finite number of words in natural languages can carry the unlimited number of meanings. J. Pusteyovsky , opposing against the static view of word meaning, proposes a view that the lexicon becomes an active and central component in linguistic description. The meaning of a word is structured on the basis of four levels of representation (argument structure, event structure, qualia structure, inheritance structure). The qualia roles capture how humans understand objects and relations in the word, and provide the minimal explanation for the linguistic behavior of lexical items. The lexical item is described as a combination o f these four levels. The second chapter presents different works and publications in French researching the category of natural phenomena. The author stresses that the works discussed are mainly concerned with the verbal expressions, such as “It is raining “It is snowing.’’’’ Nouns belonging to this category are not taken into consideration. The last part presents the results o f the study and the conclusions. The events traditionally perceived as natural phenomena do not form a homogenous class from a linguistic point o f view. The class may be labeled as homogenous if it shares a common set o f predicates. The author proposes a division o f this class into smaller subclasses in order to discern linguistic classes. The chapter ends with the classification of substantives belonging to the discussed category established on the basis of common predicates and attributes. The practical part contains an analysis of 73 substantives belonging to the category of natural phenomena based on the first discussed method — the object oriented approach. The description consists of : the determination of a group of Operateurs et attributs appropries, that is, the adjectives and verbs related to the object the determination of super-types, that is, the upper classes the determination of linguistic classes for a language the specification of synonyms of a lexical item

Sémantique des déterminants dans un cadre richement typé

International audienceThe variation of word meaning according to the context leads us to enrich the type system of our syntactical and semantic analyser of French based on categorial grammars and Montague semantics (or lambda-DRT). The main advantage of a deep semantic analyse is too represent meaning by logical formulae that can be easily used e.g. for inferences. Determiners and quantifiers play a fundamental role in the construction of those formulae. But in our rich type system the usual semantic terms do not work. We propose a solution ins- pired by the tau and epsilon operators of Hilbert, kinds of generic elements and choice functions. This approach unifies the treatment of the different determi- ners and quantifiers as well as the dynamic binding of pronouns. Above all, this fully computational view fits in well within the wide coverage parser Grail, both from a theoretical and a practical viewpoint.La variation du sens des mots en contexte nous a conduit à enrichir le système de types utilisés dans notre analyse syntaxico-sémantique du français basé sur les grammaires catégorielles et la sémantique de Montague (ou la lambda-DRT). L'avantage majeur d'une telle sémantique profonde est de repré- senter le sens par des formules logiques aisément exploitables, par exemple par un moteur d'inférence. Déterminants et quantificateurs jouent un rôle fondamental dans la construction de ces formules. Mais dans notre système de types complexes, leurs termes sémantiques usuels ne fonctionnent pas. Nous proposons une solution inspirée des opérateurs epsilon et tau de Hilbert, sorte de fonctions de choix et d'éléments génériques. Cela unifie le traitement des différents types de déterminants et de quantificateurs ainsi que le liage dynamique des pronoms. Surtout, cette modélisation totalement calculable s'intègre parfaitement dans l'analyseur à large échelle du français Grail, tant en théorie qu'en pratique