6,074 research outputs found
Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: from the BEVALAC to RHIC
I briefly describe the initial goals of relativistic nuclear collisions
research, focusing on the LBL Bevatron/Bevalac facility in the 1970's. An early
concept of high hadronic density fireball formation, and subsequent isentropic
decay (preserving information as to the high density stage) led to an outline
of physics observables that could determine the nuclear matter equation of
state at several times nuclear ground state matter density. With the advent of
QCD the goal of locating, and characterizing the hadron-parton deconfinement
phase transformation suggested the need for higher , the research
thus moving to the BNL AGS and CERN SPS, finally to RHIC at BNL. A set of
physics observables is discussed where present data span the entire
domain, from Bevalac and SIS at GSI, to top RHIC energy. Referring,
selectively, to data concerning bulk hadron production, the overall
evolution of directed and radial flow observables, and of pion pair
Bose-Einstein correlation are discussed. The hadronization process is studied
in the grand canonical statistical model. The resulting hadronization points in
the plane T vs. converge onto the parton-hadron phase boundary
predicted by finite lattice QCD, from top SPS to RHIC energy. At lower
SPS and top AGS energy a steep strangeness maximum occurs at which the
Wroblewski parameter 0.6; a possible connection to the QCD
critical point is discussed. Finally the unique new RHIC physics is addressed:
high hadron suppression and jet "tomography".Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure
Equation of State of H2O Ice Using Melt-Recrystallization
The recent surge in exoplanet discoveries due to advancements in astrophysical technology and analysis has brought the reliability of early equation of state measurements into question as they are the limiting factor when modeling composition of these planets. H2O content is among the most important for the search of habitable planets as well as in understanding planetary dynamics and atmosphere formation. Over the last three decades the equation of state of H2O has been investigated with various techniques but, has suffered from anisotropic strain and poor powder statistics resulting in a large discrepancy in equation of state fits. At pressures within the interior of many planets, the hydrogen bonds in H2O gradually weaken and are replaced by ionic bonds in ice-X. By melt-recrystallization of ice via laser heating as it is compressed, we observe the transition from ice-VII to ice X at a pressure of 30.9 ± 2.9 GPa, evidenced by an abrupt 2.5-fold increase in bulk modulus, implying an increase in bond strength. This transition is preceded by a modified ice structure of tetragonal symmetry, ice-VIIt
Self-completeness and spontaneous dimensional reduction
A viable quantum theory of gravity is one of the biggest challenges facing
physicists. We discuss the confluence of two highly expected features which
might be instrumental in the quest of a finite and renormalizable quantum
gravity -- spontaneous dimensional reduction and self-completeness. The former
suggests the spacetime background at the Planck scale may be effectively
two-dimensional, while the latter implies a condition of maximal compression of
matter by the formation of an event horizon for Planckian scattering. We
generalize such a result to an arbitrary number of dimensions, and show that
gravity in higher than four dimensions remains self-complete, but in lower
dimensions it is not. In such a way we established an "exclusive disjunction"
or "exclusive or" (XOR) between the occurrence of self-completeness and
dimensional reduction, with the goal of actually reducing the unknowns for the
scenario of the physics at the Planck scale. Potential phenomenological
implications of this result are considered by studying the case of a
two-dimensional dilaton gravity model resulting from dimensional reduction of
Einstein gravity.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; v3: final version in press on Eur. Phys. J. Plu
Matters of Gravity, the newsletter of the APS Topical Group on Gravitation
News:
TGG session in the April meeting, by Cliff Will NRC report, by Beverly Berger
MG9 Travel Grant for US researchers, by Jim Isenberg Research Briefs:
How many coalescing binaries are there?, by Vicky Kalogera Recent
developments in black critical phenomena, by Pat Brady Optical black holes?, by
Matt Visser ``Branification:'' an alternative to compactification, by Steve
Giddings Searches for non-Newtonian Gravity at Sub-mm Distances, by Riley
Newman Quiescent cosmological singularities by Bernd Schmidt The debut of LIGO
II, by David Shoemaker Is the universe still accelerating?, by Sean Carroll
Conference reports:
Journ\' ees Relativistes Weimar 1999, by Volker Perlick The 9th Midwest
Relativity Meeting, by Thomas BaumgarteComment: 35 pages, LaTeX with psfig and html.sty, ISSN 1527-3431, Jorge Pullin
(editor), html, ps and pdf versions at http://gravity.phys.psu.edu/mog.htm
Hot fragmentation of nuclei
Today, we have a variety of reactions at hand that can be used to
multi-fragment nuclei. In many of these reactions even several sources of
fragments can be discerned and characterized.
There is overwhelming evidence that these sources of fragments are hot. It is
already less clear whether heat by itself is sufficient to initiate the
fragment decay. What causes fragmentation, and when and how are the fragments
(pre)formed? These questions have remained as much a challenge as the
complementary class of questions to which they are related: What observations
derive their significance from the liquid-gas phase behavior of extended
nuclear matter? And, can we observe a phase transition in finite nuclei?
Recent developments, largely coming from complex analyses of data sets
measured in 4-pi-type experiments as well as from calculations based on
advanced theoretical concepts, will be discussed.Comment: 13 pages, with 8 included figures; To appear in the proceedings of
the NN 2000 conference; Also available from
http://www-kp3.gsi.de/www/kp3/aladin_publications.htm
Magnetic moment of hyperons in nuclear matter by using quark-meson coupling models
We calculate the magnetic moments of hyperons in dense nuclear matter by
using relativistic quark models. Hyperons are treated as MIT bags, and the
interactions are considered to be mediated by the exchange of scalar and vector
mesons which are approximated as mean fields. Model dependence is investigated
by using the quark-meson coupling model and the modified quark-meson coupling
model; in the former the bag constant is independent of density and in the
latter it depends on density. Both models give us the magnitudes of the
magnetic moments increasing with density for most octet baryons. But there is a
considerable model dependence in the values of the magnetic moments in dense
medium. The magnetic moments at the nuclear saturation density calculated by
the quark meson coupling model are only a few percents larger than those in
free space, but the magnetic moments from the modified quark meson coupling
model increase more than 10% for most hyperons. The correlations between the
bag radius of hyperons and the magnetic moments of hyperons in dense matter are
discussed.Comment: substantial changes in the text, submitted to PL
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