161 research outputs found

    Modulography: elasticy imaging of artherosclerotic plaques

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    Modulography: elasticy imaging of artherosclerotic plaques

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    Carotid atherosclerotic plaque characterisation by measurement of ultrasound sound speed in vitro at high frequency, 20 MHz

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    PhDThe first part of the study was to characterise the acoustic properties of an IEC agar-based tissue mimicking material (TMM) at ultrasound frequencies centred around 20 MHz. The TMM acoustic properties measured were the amplitude attenuation coefficient (dB cm-1MHz-1), the sound speed (ms-1) and the backscattered power spectral density characteristics of spectral slope (dB MHz-1), y-axis intercept (dB) and reflected power (dB). The acoustic properties were measured over a temperature range of 22 - 37oC. Both the attenuation coefficient and sound speed, both group and phase, showed good agreement with the expected values of 0.5 dB cm-1 MHz-1 and 1540 ms-1 respectively with average values of 0.49 dB cm-1MHz-1 (st.dev. ± 0.03) and 1541.9 ms-1 (st.dev. ± 8.5). Overall, this non-commercial agar-based TMM was shown to perform as expected at the higher frequency range of 17-23 MHz and was seen to retain its acoustic properties of attenuation and speed of sound over a three year period. For the second part of the study, composite sound speed was measured in carotid plaque embedded in TMM. The IEC TMM was adapted to a clear agar gel. The contour maps from the attenuation plots were used to match the composite sound speed data to the photographic mask of plaque outline and thus the histological data. By solution of sets of simultaneous equations using a matrix inversion, the individual speed values for five plaque components were derived; TMM, elastin, fibrous/collagen, calcification and lipid. The results for derived sound speed in the adapted TMM were consistently close to the expected value of soft tissue, 1540 ms-1. The fibrous tissue showed a mean value of 1584 ms-1 at body temperature, 37oC. The derived sound speeds for elastic and lipid exhibited large inter-quartile ranges. The calcification had a significantly higher sound speed than the other plaque components at 1760 - 2000 ms-1

    Ultrasound Assessment of the Relation Between Local Hemodynamic Parameters and Plaque Morphology

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    202009 bcrcVersion of RecordPublishe

    Modulography: elasticity imaging of atherosclerotic plaques

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    Modulography is an experimental elasticity imaging method. It has potential to become an all-in-one in vivo tool (a) for detecting vulnerable atherosclerotic coronary plaques, (b) for assessing information related to their rupture-proneness and (c) for imaging their elastic material composition. Modulography determines a cross-sectional image of the elasticity distribution (=Young's modulus) from deformation (=strain) that is processed from intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurements. By looking at this image, cardiologists and other researchers can directly identify and characterize soft and stiff plaque-components of thin-cap fibroatheromas and of heterogeneous plaques. As a diagnostic and pharm

    Characterization of carotid artery plaques using noninvasive vascular ultrasound elastography

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    L'athĂ©rosclĂ©rose est une maladie vasculaire complexe qui affecte la paroi des artĂšres (par l'Ă©paississement) et les lumiĂšres (par la formation de plaques). La rupture d'une plaque de l'artĂšre carotide peut Ă©galement provoquer un accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral ischĂ©mique et des complications. Bien que plusieurs modalitĂ©s d'imagerie mĂ©dicale soient actuellement utilisĂ©es pour Ă©valuer la stabilitĂ© d'une plaque, elles prĂ©sentent des limitations telles que l'irradiation, les propriĂ©tĂ©s invasives, une faible disponibilitĂ© clinique et un coĂ»t Ă©levĂ©. L'Ă©chographie est une mĂ©thode d'imagerie sĂ»re qui permet une analyse en temps rĂ©el pour l'Ă©valuation des tissus biologiques. Il est intĂ©ressant et prometteur d’appliquer une Ă©chographie vasculaire pour le dĂ©pistage et le diagnostic prĂ©coces des plaques d’artĂšre carotide. Cependant, les ultrasons vasculaires actuels identifient uniquement la morphologie d'une plaque en termes de luminositĂ© d'Ă©cho ou l’impact de cette plaque sur les caractĂ©ristiques de l’écoulement sanguin, ce qui peut ne pas ĂȘtre suffisant pour diagnostiquer l’importance de la plaque. La technique d’élastographie vasculaire non-intrusive (« noninvasive vascular elastography (NIVE) ») a montrĂ© le potentiel de dĂ©termination de la stabilitĂ© d'une plaque. NIVE peut dĂ©terminer le champ de dĂ©formation de la paroi vasculaire en mouvement d’une artĂšre carotide provoquĂ© par la pulsation cardiaque naturelle. En raison des diffĂ©rences de module de Young entre les diffĂ©rents tissus des vaisseaux, diffĂ©rents composants d’une plaque devraient prĂ©senter diffĂ©rentes dĂ©formations, caractĂ©risant ainsi la stabilitĂ© de la plaque. Actuellement, les performances et l’efficacitĂ© numĂ©rique sous-optimales limitent l’acceptation clinique de NIVE en tant que mĂ©thode rapide et efficace pour le diagnostic prĂ©coce des plaques vulnĂ©rables. Par consĂ©quent, il est nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©velopper NIVE en tant qu’outil d’imagerie non invasif, rapide et Ă©conomique afin de mieux caractĂ©riser la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© liĂ©e Ă  la plaque. La procĂ©dure Ă  suivre pour effectuer l’analyse NIVE consiste en des Ă©tapes de formation et de post-traitement d’images. Cette thĂšse vise Ă  amĂ©liorer systĂ©matiquement la prĂ©cision de ces deux aspects de NIVE afin de faciliter la prĂ©diction de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© de la plaque carotidienne. Le premier effort de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©diĂ© Ă  la formation d'images (Chapitre 5). L'imagerie par oscillations transversales a Ă©tĂ© introduite dans NIVE. Les performances de l’imagerie par oscillations transversales couplĂ©es Ă  deux estimateurs de contrainte fondĂ©s sur un modĂšle de dĂ©formation fine, soit l’ « affine phase-based estimator (APBE) » et le « Lagrangian speckle model estimator (LSME) », ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es. Pour toutes les Ă©tudes de simulation et in vitro de ce travail, le LSME sans imagerie par oscillation transversale a surperformĂ© par rapport Ă  l'APBE avec imagerie par oscillations transversales. NĂ©anmoins, des estimations de contrainte principales comparables ou meilleures pourraient ĂȘtre obtenues avec le LSME en utilisant une imagerie par oscillations transversales dans le cas de structures tissulaires complexes et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Lors de l'acquisition de signaux ultrasonores pour la formation d'images, des mouvements hors du plan perpendiculaire au plan de balayage bidimensionnel (2-D) existent. Le deuxiĂšme objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer l'influence des mouvements hors plan sur les performances du NIVE 2-D (Chapitre 6). À cette fin, nous avons conçu un dispositif expĂ©rimental in vitro permettant de simuler des mouvements hors plan de 1 mm, 2 mm et 3 mm. Les rĂ©sultats in vitro ont montrĂ© plus d'artefacts d'estimation de contrainte pour le LSME avec des amplitudes croissantes de mouvements hors du plan principal de l’image. MalgrĂ© tout, nous avons nĂ©anmoins obtenu des estimations de dĂ©formations robustes avec un mouvement hors plan de 2.0 mm (coefficients de corrĂ©lation supĂ©rieurs Ă  0.85). Pour un jeu de donnĂ©es cliniques de 18 participants prĂ©sentant une stĂ©nose de l'artĂšre carotide, nous avons proposĂ© d'utiliser deux jeux de donnĂ©es d'analyses sur la mĂȘme plaque carotidienne, soit des images transversales et longitudinales, afin de dĂ©duire les mouvements hors plan (qui se sont avĂ©rĂ©s de 0.25 mm Ă  1.04 mm). Les rĂ©sultats cliniques ont montrĂ© que les estimations de dĂ©formations restaient reproductibles pour toutes les amplitudes de mouvement, puisque les coefficients de corrĂ©lation inter-images Ă©taient supĂ©rieurs Ă  0.70 et que les corrĂ©lations croisĂ©es normalisĂ©es entre les images radiofrĂ©quences Ă©taient supĂ©rieures Ă  0.93, ce qui a permis de dĂ©montrer une plus grande confiance lors de l'analyse de jeu de donnĂ©es cliniques de plaques carotides Ă  l'aide du LSME. Enfin, en ce qui concerne le post-traitement des images, les algorithmes NIVE doivent estimer les dĂ©formations des parois des vaisseaux Ă  partir d’images reconstituĂ©es dans le but d’identifier les tissus mous et durs. Ainsi, le dernier objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de dĂ©velopper un algorithme d'estimation de contrainte avec une rĂ©solution de la taille d’un pixel ainsi qu'une efficacitĂ© de calcul Ă©levĂ©e pour l'amĂ©lioration de la prĂ©cision de NIVE (Chapitre 7). Nous avons proposĂ© un estimateur de dĂ©formation de modĂšle fragmentĂ© (SMSE) avec lequel le champ de dĂ©formation dense est paramĂ©trĂ© avec des descriptions de transformĂ©es en cosinus discret, gĂ©nĂ©rant ainsi des composantes de dĂ©formations affines (dĂ©formations axiales et latĂ©rales et en cisaillement) sans opĂ©ration mathĂ©matique de dĂ©rivĂ©es. En comparant avec le LSME, le SMSE a rĂ©duit les erreurs d'estimation lors des tests de simulations, ainsi que pour les mesures in vitro et in vivo. De plus, la faible mise en oeuvre de la mĂ©thode SMSE rĂ©duit de 4 Ă  25 fois le temps de traitement par rapport Ă  la mĂ©thode LSME pour les simulations, les Ă©tudes in vitro et in vivo, ce qui pourrait permettre une implĂ©mentation possible de NIVE en temps rĂ©el.Atherosclerosis is a complex vascular disease that affects artery walls (by thickening) and lumens (by plaque formation). The rupture of a carotid artery plaque may also induce ischemic stroke and complications. Despite the use of several medical imaging modalities to evaluate the stability of a plaque, they present limitations such as irradiation, invasive property, low clinical availability and high cost. Ultrasound is a safe imaging method with a real time capability for assessment of biological tissues. It is clinically used for early screening and diagnosis of carotid artery plaques. However, current vascular ultrasound technologies only identify the morphology of a plaque in terms of echo brightness or the impact of the vessel narrowing on flow properties, which may not be sufficient for optimum diagnosis. Noninvasive vascular elastography (NIVE) has been shown of interest for determining the stability of a plaque. Specifically, NIVE can determine the strain field of the moving vessel wall of a carotid artery caused by the natural cardiac pulsation. Due to Young’s modulus differences among different vessel tissues, different components of a plaque can be detected as they present different strains thereby potentially helping in characterizing the plaque stability. Currently, sub-optimum performance and computational efficiency limit the clinical acceptance of NIVE as a fast and efficient method for the early diagnosis of vulnerable plaques. Therefore, there is a need to further develop NIVE as a non-invasive, fast and low computational cost imaging tool to better characterize the plaque vulnerability. The procedure to perform NIVE analysis consists in image formation and image post-processing steps. This thesis aimed to systematically improve the accuracy of these two aspects of NIVE to facilitate predicting carotid plaque vulnerability. The first effort of this thesis has been targeted on improving the image formation (Chapter 5). Transverse oscillation beamforming was introduced into NIVE. The performance of transverse oscillation imaging coupled with two model-based strain estimators, the affine phase-based estimator (APBE) and the Lagrangian speckle model estimator (LSME), were evaluated. For all simulations and in vitro studies, the LSME without transverse oscillation imaging outperformed the APBE with transverse oscillation imaging. Nonetheless, comparable or better principal strain estimates could be obtained with the LSME using transverse oscillation imaging in the case of complex and heterogeneous tissue structures. During the acquisition of ultrasound signals for image formation, out-of-plane motions which are perpendicular to the two-dimensional (2-D) scan plane are existing. The second objective of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of out-of-plane motions on the performance of 2-D NIVE (Chapter 6). For this purpose, we designed an in vitro experimental setup to simulate out-of-plane motions of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. The in vitro results showed more strain estimation artifacts for the LSME with increasing magnitudes of out-of-plane motions. Even so, robust strain estimations were nevertheless obtained with 2.0 mm out-of-plane motion (correlation coefficients higher than 0.85). For a clinical dataset of 18 participants with carotid artery stenosis, we proposed to use two datasets of scans on the same carotid plaque, one cross-sectional and the other in a longitudinal view, to deduce the out-of-plane motions (estimated to be ranging from 0.25 mm to 1.04 mm). Clinical results showed that strain estimations remained reproducible for all motion magnitudes since inter-frame correlation coefficients were higher than 0.70, and normalized cross-correlations between radiofrequency images were above 0.93, which indicated that confident motion estimations can be obtained when analyzing clinical dataset of carotid plaques using the LSME. Finally, regarding the image post-processing component of NIVE algorithms to estimate strains of vessel walls from reconstructed images with the objective of identifying soft and hard tissues, we developed a strain estimation method with a pixel-wise resolution as well as a high computation efficiency for improving NIVE (Chapter 7). We proposed a sparse model strain estimator (SMSE) for which the dense strain field is parameterized with Discrete Cosine Transform descriptions, thereby deriving affine strain components (axial and lateral strains and shears) without mathematical derivative operations. Compared with the LSME, the SMSE reduced estimation errors in simulations, in vitro and in vivo tests. Moreover, the sparse implementation of the SMSE reduced the processing time by a factor of 4 to 25 compared with the LSME based on simulations, in vitro and in vivo results, which is suggesting a possible implementation of NIVE in real time
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