974 research outputs found

    Pengaruh Latihan Imagery dan Konsentrasi Terhadap Ketepatan Free Throw Pada UKM Bola Basket Universitas Islam Indonesia.

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    Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) perbedaan pengaruh antara metode latihan internal imagery dan external imagery terhadap ketepatan free throw pada pemain UKM bola basket Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2) perbedaan pengaruh konsentrasi tinggi dan konsentrasi rendah terhadap ketepatan free throw pada pemain UKM bola basket UII, dan 3) interaksi antara metode latihan dan konsentrasi terhadap ketepatan free throw pada pemain UKM bola Basket UII. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan faktorial 2 x 2 pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di UKM bola basket UII. Sampel berjumlah 38 pemain yang ditentukan dengan pembagian kelompok 27% batas atas dan 27% batas bawah. Teknik pengumpulan data: 1) Penentuan sampel berdasarkan pada hasil tes konsentrasi pemain UKM bola basket UII dan 2) Melakukan tes awal (pretest) dan tes akhir (posttest) free throw. Instrumen menggunakan 2 Tes yaitu Tes ketepatan free throw dengan Validitas (0,79) dan reliabilitas (0,92). Tes konsentrasi dengan validitas (0,89) dan reliabilitas (0,803). Teknik analisis data menggunakan ANAVA dua jalur dengan taraf signifikansi α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Terdapat perbedaan antara latihan internal imagery dan external imagery (p = 0,000 < 0,05) maka metode latihan internal imagery lebih baik daripada external imagery. 2) Terdapat perbedaan pemain yang mempunyai konsentrasi tinggi dan konsentrasi rendah (p = 0,000 < 0,05) maka pemain yang mempunyai konsentrasi tinggi lebih baik daripada pemain yang mempunyai konsentrasi rendah. 3) Adanya interaksi antara internal imagery dan external imagery serta konsentrasi tinggi dan konsentrasi rendah (p = 0,047 < 0, 05). kelompok pemain yang mempunyai konsentrasi tinggi lebih tepat jika dilatih dengan internal imagery, sedangkan kelompok pemain yang memiliki konsentrasi rendah lebih baik jika dilatih dengan external imagery Kata kunci: Mental Imagery, Konsentrasi, Ketepatan Free Throw

    Program and Abstracts Celebration of Student Scholarship, 2013

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    Program and Abstracts from the Celebration of Student Scholarship on April 24, 2013

    Program and Abstracts Celebration of Student Scholarship, 2013

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    Program and Abstracts from the Celebration of Student Scholarship on April 24, 2013

    Eye quietness and quiet eye in expert and novice golf performance: an electrooculographic analysis

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    Quiet eye (QE) is the final ocular fixation on the target of an action (e.g., the ball in golf putting). Camerabased eye-tracking studies have consistently found longer QE durations in experts than novices; however, mechanisms underlying QE are not known. To offer a new perspective we examined the feasibility of measuring the QE using electrooculography (EOG) and developed an index to assess ocular activity across time: eye quietness (EQ). Ten expert and ten novice golfers putted 60 balls to a 2.4 m distant hole. Horizontal EOG (2ms resolution) was recorded from two electrodes placed on the outer sides of the eyes. QE duration was measured using a EOG voltage threshold and comprised the sum of the pre-movement and post-movement initiation components. EQ was computed as the standard deviation of the EOG in 0.5 s bins from –4 to +2 s, relative to backswing initiation: lower values indicate less movement of the eyes, hence greater quietness. Finally, we measured club-ball address and swing durations. T-tests showed that total QE did not differ between groups (p = .31); however, experts had marginally shorter pre-movement QE (p = .08) and longer post-movement QE (p < .001) than novices. A group × time ANOVA revealed that experts had less EQ before backswing initiation and greater EQ after backswing initiation (p = .002). QE durations were inversely correlated with EQ from –1.5 to 1 s (rs = –.48 - –.90, ps = .03 - .001). Experts had longer swing durations than novices (p = .01) and, importantly, swing durations correlated positively with post-movement QE (r = .52, p = .02) and negatively with EQ from 0.5 to 1s (r = –.63, p = .003). This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring ocular activity using EOG and validates EQ as an index of ocular activity. Its findings challenge the dominant perspective on QE and provide new evidence that expert-novice differences in ocular activity may reflect differences in the kinematics of how experts and novices execute skills

    Signal Processing of Electroencephalogram for the Detection of Attentiveness towards Short Training Videos

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    This research has developed a novel method which uses an easy to deploy single dry electrode wireless electroencephalogram (EEG) collection device as an input to an automated system that measures indicators of a participant’s attentiveness while they are watching a short training video. The results are promising, including 85% or better accuracy in identifying whether a participant is watching a segment of video from a boring scene or lecture, versus a segment of video from an attentiveness inducing active lesson or memory quiz. In addition, the final system produces an ensemble average of attentiveness across many participants, pinpointing areas in the training videos that induce peak attentiveness. Qualitative analysis of the results of this research is also very promising. The system produces attentiveness graphs for individual participants and these triangulate well with the thoughts and feelings those participants had during different parts of the videos, as described in their own words. As distance learning and computer based training become more popular, it is of great interest to measure if students are attentive to recorded lessons and short training videos. This research was motivated by this interest, as well as recent advances in electronic and computer engineering’s use of biometric signal analysis for the detection of affective (emotional) response. Signal processing of EEG has proven useful in measuring alertness, emotional state, and even towards very specific applications such as whether or not participants will recall television commercials days after they have seen them. This research extended these advances by creating an automated system which measures attentiveness towards short training videos. The bulk of the research was focused on electrical and computer engineering, specifically the optimization of signal processing algorithms for this particular application. A review of existing methods of EEG signal processing and feature extraction methods shows that there is a common subdivision of the steps that are used in different EEG applications. These steps include hardware sensing filtering and digitizing, noise removal, chopping the continuous EEG data into windows for processing, normalization, transformation to extract frequency or scale information, treatment of phase or shift information, and additional post-transformation noise reduction techniques. A large degree of variation exists in most of these steps within the currently documented state of the art. This research connected these varied methods into a single holistic model that allows for comparison and selection of optimal algorithms for this application. The research described herein provided for such a structured and orderly comparison of individual signal analysis and feature extraction methods. This study created a concise algorithmic approach in examining all the aforementioned steps. In doing so, the study provided the framework for a systematic approach which followed a rigorous participant cross validation so that options could be tested, compared and optimized. Novel signal analysis methods were also developed, using new techniques to choose parameters, which greatly improved performance. The research also utilizes machine learning to automatically categorize extracted features into measures of attentiveness. The research improved existing machine learning with novel methods, including a method of using per-participant baselines with kNN machine learning. This provided an optimal solution to extend current EEG signal analysis methods that were used in other applications, and refined them for use in the measurement of attentiveness towards short training videos. These algorithms are proven to be best via selection of optimal signal analysis and optimal machine learning steps identified through both n-fold and participant cross validation. The creation of this new system which uses signal processing of EEG for the detection of attentiveness towards short training videos has created a significant advance in the field of attentiveness measuring towards short training videos

    Using Real-Time Data Flux In Art – The Mediation Of A Situation As It Unfolds: RoadMusic – An Experimental Case Study.

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    The practice driving this research is called RoadMusic. The project uses a small computer based system installed in a car that composes music from the flux of information it captures about the journey as it unfolds. It uses a technique known as sonification that consists of mapping data to sound. In the case of RoadMusic, this data capture is realtime, external to the computer and mobilised with the user. This dissertation investigates ways in which such a sonification can become an artistic form. To interrogate the specificity of an art of real-time it considers philosophical theories of the fundamental nature of time and immediacy and the ways in which the human mind ‘makes sense’ of this flux. After extending this scrutiny via theories of system and environment, it proceeds to extract concepts and principles leading to a possible art of real-time flux. Time, immediacy and the everyday are recurring questions in art and music, this study reviews practices that address these questions, essentially through three landmark composers of the twentieth century: Iannis Xenakis, John Cage and Murray Schafer. To gain precision in regards to the nature of musical listening it then probes theories of audio cognition and reflects on ways in which these can apply to real-time composing. The art of sonifying data extracted from the environment is arguably only as recent as the computer programs it depends on. This study reviews different practices that contribute towards a corpus of sonification-art, paying special attention to those practices where this process takes place in real-time. This is extended by an interrogation of the effect that mobility has on our listening experience. RoadMusic is now a fully functional device generating multi-timbral music from immediate data about its surroundings. This dissertation argues that this process can be an alternative to mainstream media systems; it describes how RoadMusic’s programs function and the ways in which they have evolved to incorporate the ideas developed in this thesis. It shows how RoadMusic is now developing beyond my own personal practice and how it intends to reach a wider audience

    The effects of internally and externally directed attention during motor skill execution and learning

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    Focusing attention onto the intended outcome or goal of a movement (an External focus of attention) has been shown to be more beneficial to the learning and performance of movements than focusing onto the components of the movement being carried out (an Internal focus of attention). In this thesis, four studies assessed the effects of attentional focusing strategies on the learning and execution of motor skills during different situations. Study 1 demonstrated that an internal focus of attention during a suprapostural pointing task resulted in degraded postural control as well as larger movements of the hand and arm. In Study 2 novices using an external focus were more accurate in a dart throwing task than those using an internal focus, but no different from a control condition. In Study 3 two experiments investigated the effects of attentional focuses on postural control at rest and whilst fatigued. Postural control was no better using external focus when compared to an internal focus at rest, but was better than baseline. When fatigued (localised and generalised), balance was significantly deteriorated using an external focus, but not when an internal focus was used. In two experiments during Study 4 novices carrying out a dart throwing task used different attentional focusing instructions during practice and later performance. During practice sessions in Experiment 4.1 and 4.2 accuracy was not affected by attentional focusing instructions. Using an external focus during performance resulted in significantly better accuracy than using an internal focus. In Experiment 4.2, novices who preferred an internal focus but used an external focus during performance performed less accurately than participants who preferred the external focus. Findings demonstrate that the benefits of an external focus of attention is evident in performance situations, whereas an internal focus may be beneficial whilst fatigued and is not detrimental during practice

    Analysis of the backpack loading efects on the human gait

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    Gait is a simple activity of daily life and one of the main abilities of the human being. Often during leisure, labour and sports activities, loads are carried over (e.g. backpack) during gait. These circumstantial loads can generate instability and increase biomechanicalstress over the human tissues and systems, especially on the locomotor, balance and postural regulation systems. According to Wearing (2006), subjects that carry a transitory or intermittent load will be able to find relatively efficient solutions to compensate its effects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Heart Rate Variability Training and Control of Emotions

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    This thesis outlines an investigation into the effects of heart rate variability training (HRVT) on stress and performance, and participants’ experiences of undertaking HRVT. Data were collected from male Middle-Eastern adolescent student-athletes. Study 1 examined the acute effects of a single 20-minute HRVT session on performance under pressure. Thirty-six participants completed a reactive stress tolerance test after both HRVT and a control condition (group discussion about pre-competition routines). Completing HRVT did not improve performance. Study 2 built on Study 1 by exploring the effects of a 5-week HRVT protocol consisting of five lab-based and five home-based 20-minute HRVT sessions on biomarkers of the stress response. Fifty-seven participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=30) and a control (n=27) group, comprising five educational sessions. There were acute effects of HRVT on a-amylase levels within each session, with a-amylase levels decreasing over the course of the session. Both cortisol and a-amylase levels reduced over the course of the 5-week HRVT protocol. There were significantly lower cortisol levels and skin conductance levels in the experimental compared to the control group at the end of the training programme. Study 3 focused on the reflections of 22 participants who took part in the HRVT programme in Study 2. Participants proposed that apart from the identification of the individualized resonant breathing frequency, the customization of the inhalation-exhalation ratio is highly related to the participants’ experience. That change to the HRVT programme may further enhance effectiveness, and, that effectiveness can be increased by practicing it regularly and including it as part of a pre-competition routine
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