Congestion control mechanism for sensor-cloud Infrastructure

 This thesis has developed a sensor-Cloud system that integrates WBANs with Cloud computing to enable real-time sensor data collection, storage, processing, sharing and management. As the main contribution of this study, a congestion detection and control protocol is proposed to ensure acceptable data flows are maintained during the network lifetime

IoT Based Architecture for Basketball Supervision

Basketball is one of the most played games in the world with a huge amount of fan following and has a great number of basketballers. Sometimes players get severe lower body wounds such as ankle sprains, shortage of breath, head, teeth, hand, and fingers. Female players have a higher risk of knee injuries than male players. These are health issues that players face while playing basketball. Sports organizations spend millions to train fresh basketball players or for the development of the previous basketball players. The internet of things (IoT) made everyday things readable, controllable and recognizable through the internet and the wireless sensor networks. It is simply the network of interconnected devices that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity modules.Nowadays, with this growing technology it is possible to protect the life of players in the game as well as in training sessions, if we detect the problems early in players and appropriate actions will be taken to reduce adverse health effects which can be very dangerous. In this paper, we will propose an architecturefor basketball based on the internet of things (IoT). The main goal behind this approach is to introduce a healthcare system based upon sensors, actuators, devices and telecommunication technologies to communicating real-time stats

Resource Management in E-health Systems

E-health systems are the information and communication systems deployed to improve quality and efficiency of public health services. Within E-health systems, wearable sensors are deployed to monitor physiology information not only in hospitals, but also in our daily lives under all types of activities; wireless body area networks (WBANs) are adopted to transmit physiology information to smartphones; and cloud servers are utilized for timely diagnose and disease treatment. The integrated services provided by E-health systems could be more convenient, reliable, patient centric and bring more economic healthcare services. Despite of many benefits, e-health systems face challenges among which resource management is the most important one as wearable sensors are energy and computing capability limited, and medical information has stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements in terms of delay and reliability. This thesis presents resource management mechanisms, including transmission power allocation schemes for wearable sensors, Medium Access Control (MAC) for WBANs, and resource sharing schemes among cloud networks, that can efficiently exploit the limited resources to achieve satisfactory QoS. First, we address how wearable sensors could energy efficiently transmit medical information with stringent QoS requirements to a smart phone. We first investigate how to provide worst-case delay provisioning for vital physiology information. Sleep scheduling and opportunistic channel access are exploited to reduce energy consumption in idle listening and increase energy efficiency. Considering dynamic programming suffers from curse of dimensionality, Lyapunov optimization formulation is established to derive a low complexity two-step transmission power allocation algorithm. We analyze the conditions under which the proposed algorithm could guarantee worst-case delay. We then investigate the impacts of peak power constraint and statistical QoS provisioning. An optimal transmission power allocation scheme under a peak power constraint is derived, and followed by an efficient calculation method. Applying duality gap analysis, we characterize the upper bound of the extra average transmission power incurred due a peak power constraint. We demonstrate that when the peak power constraint is stringent, the proposed constant power scheme is suitable for wearable sensors for its performance is close to optimal. Further, we show that the peak power constraint is the bottleneck for wearable sensors to provide stringent statistical QoS provisioning. Second, WBANs can provide low-cost and timely healthcare services and are expected to be widely adopted in hospitals. We develop a centralized MAC layer resource management scheme for WBANs, with a focus on inter-WBAN interference mitigation and sensor power consumption reduction. Based on the channel state and buffer state information reported by smart phones deployed in each WBAN, channel access allocation is performed by a central controller to maximize the network throughput. Note that sensors have insufficient energy and computing capability to timely provide all the necessary information for channel resource management, which deteriorates the network performance. We exploit the temporal correlation of body area channel such that channel state reports from sensors are minimized. We then formulate the MAC design problem as a partially observable optimization problem and develop a myopic policy accordingly. Third, cloud computing is expected to meet the rising computing demands. Both private clouds, which aim at patients in their regions, and public clouds, which serve general public, are adopted. Reliability control and QoS provisioning are the core issues of private clouds and public clouds, respectively. A framework, which exploits the abundant resource of private clouds in time domain, to enable cooperation among private clouds and public clouds, is proposed. Considering the cost of service failure in e-health system, the first time failure probability is adopted as reliability measures for private clouds. An algorithm is proposed to minimize the failure probability, and is proven to be optimal. Then, we propose an e-health monitoring system with minimum service delay and privacy preservation by exploiting geo-distributed clouds. In the system, the resource management scheme enables the distributed cloud servers to cooperatively assign the servers to the requested users under a load balance condition. Thus, the service delay for users is minimized. In addition, a traffic shaping algorithm is proposed, which converts the user health data traffic to the non-health data traffic such that the capability of traffic analysis attacks is largely reduced. In summary, we believe the research results developed in this dissertation can provide insights for efficient transmission power allocation for wearable sensor, can offer practical MAC layer solutions for WBANs in hospital environment, and can improve the QoS provisioning provided by cloud networks in e-health systems

A Study of Mobility Support in Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Design Framework

International audienceThe aim of this work is to investigate main techniques and technologies enabling user's mobility in wearable health monitoring systems. For this, design requirements for key enabling mechanisms are pointed out, and a number of conceptual and technological recommendations are presented. The whole is schematized and presented into the form of a design framework covering design layers and taking in consideration patient context constraints. This work aspires to bring a further contribution for the conception and possibly the evaluation of health monitoring systems with full support of mobility offering freedom to users while enhancing their life qualit

EOCC-TARA for Software Defined WBAN

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a promising cost-effective technology for the privacy confined military applications and healthcare applications like remote health monitoring, telemedicine, and e-health services. The use of a Software-Defined Network (SDN) approach improves the control and management processes of the complex structured WBANs and also provides higher flexibility and dynamic network structure. To seamless routing performance in SDN-based WBAN, the energy-efficiency problems must be tackled effectively. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a novel Energy Optimized Congestion Control based on Temperature Aware Routing Algorithm (EOCC-TARA) using Enhanced Multi-objective Spider Monkey Optimization (EMSMO) for SDN-based WBAN. This algorithm overcomes the vital challenges, namely energy-efficiency, congestion-free communication, and reducing adverse thermal effects in WBAN routing. First, the proposed EOCC-TARA routing algorithm considers the effects of temperature due to the thermal dissipation of sensor nodes and formulates a strategy to adaptively select the forwarding nodes based on temperature and energy. Then the congestion avoidance concept is added with the energy-efficiency, link reliability, and path loss for modeling the cost function based on which the EMSMO provides the optimal routing. Simulations were performed, and the evaluation results showed that the proposed EOCC-TARA routing algorithm has superior performance than the traditional routing approaches in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, throughput, temperature control, congestion overhead, delay, and successful transmission rate

Wireless body area network mobility-aware task offloading scheme

The increasing amount of user equipment (UE) and the rapid advances in wireless body area networks bring revolutionary changes in healthcare systems. However, due to the strict requirements on size, reliability and battery lifetime of UE devices, it is difficult for them to execute latency sensitive or computation intensive tasks effectively. In this paper, we aim to enhance the UE computation capacity by utilizing small size coordinator-based mobile edge computing (C-MEC) servers. In this way, the system complexity, computation resources, and energy consumption are considerably transferred from the UE to the C-MEC, which is a practical approach since C-MEC is power charged, in contrast to the UE. First, the system architecture and the mobility model are presented. Second, several transmission mechanisms are analyzed along with the proposed mobility-aware cooperative task offloading scheme. Numerous selected performance metrics are investigated regarding the number of executed tasks, the percentage of failed tasks, average service time, and the energy consumption of each MEC. The results validate the advantage of task offloading schemes compared with the traditional relay-based technique regarding the number of executed tasks. Moreover, one can obtain that the proposed scheme archives noteworthy benefits, such as low latency and efficiently balance the energy consumption of C-MECs

A Deep learning approach for trust-untrust nodes classification problem in WBAN

The enormous growth in demand for WBAN services has resulted in a new set of security challenges. The capabilities of WBAN are developing to meet these needs. The complexity, heterogeneity, and instability of the mobile context make it difficult to complete these duties successfully. A more secure and flexible WBAN setting can be attained using a trust-untrust nodes classification, which is one method to satisfy the security needs of the WBAN. Considering this, we present a novel Deep Learning (DL) approach for classifying WBAN nodes using spatial attention based iterative DBN (SA-IDBN). Z-score normalization is used to remove repetitive entries from the input data. Then, Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA) is employed to retrieve the features from the normalized data. In terms of accuracy, latency, recall, and f-measure, the suggested method's performance is examined and contrasted with some other current approaches. Regarding the classification of WBAN nodes, the results are more favorable for the suggested method than for the ones already in use

Survey of main challenges (security and privacy) in wireless body area networks for healthcare applications

Abstract Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a new trend in the technology that provides remote mechanism to monitor and collect patient's health record data using wearable sensors. It is widely recognized that a high level of system security and privacy play a key role in protecting these data when being used by the healthcare professionals and during storage to ensure that patient's records are kept safe from intruder's danger. It is therefore of great interest to discuss security and privacy issues in WBANs. In this paper, we reviewed WBAN communication architecture, security and privacy requirements and security threats and the primary challenges in WBANs to these systems based on the latest standards and publications. This paper also covers the state-of-art security measures and research in WBAN. Finally, open areas for future research and enhancements are explored

Reliable, Context-Aware and Energy-Efficient Architecture for Wireless Body Area Networks in Sports Applications

RÉSUMÉ Un Réseau Corporel Sans Fil (RCSF, Wireless Body Area Network en anglais ou WBAN) permet de collecter de l'information à partir de capteurs corporels. Cette information est envoyée à un hub qui la transforme et qui peut aussi effectuer d'autres fonctions comme gérer des événements corporels, fusionner les données à partir des capteurs, percevoir d’autres paramètres, exécuter les fonctions d’une interface d’utilisateur, et faire un lien vers des infrastructures de plus haut niveau et d’autres parties prenantes. La réduction de la consommation d'énergie d’un RCSF est un des aspects les plus importants qui doit être amélioré lors de sa conception. Cet aspect peut impliquer le développement de protocoles de Contrôles d'Accès au Support (CAS, Media Access Control en anglais ou MAC), protocoles de transport et de routage plus efficients. Le contrôle de la congestion est un autre des facteurs les plus importants dans la conception d’un RCSF, parce que la congestion influe directement sur la Qualité De Service (QDS, Quality of Service en anglais ou QoS) et l’efficience en énergie du réseau. La congestion dans un RCSF peut produire une grande perte de paquets et une haute consommation d’énergie. La QDS est directement impactée par la perte de paquets. L’implémentation de mesures additionnelles est nécessaire pour atténuer l’impact sur la communication des RCSF. Les protocoles de CAS pour RCSF devraient permettre aux capteurs corporels d’accéder rapidement au canal de communication et d’envoyer les données au hub, surtout pour les événements urgents tout en réduisant la consommation d’énergie. Les protocoles de transport pour RCSF doivent fournir de la fiabilité bout-à-bout et de la QDS pour tout le réseau. Cette tâche peut être accomplie par la réduction du ratio de perte de paquets (Packet Loss Ratio en anglais ou PLR) et de la latence tout en gardant l'équité et la faible consommation d'énergie entre les noeuds. Le standard IEEE 802.15.6 suggère un protocole de CAS qui est destiné à être applicable à tous les types de RCSF; toutefois, ce protocole peut être amélioré pour les RCSF utilisés dans le domaine du sport, où la gestion du trafic pourrait être différente d’autres réseaux. Le standard IEEE 802.15.6 comprend la QDS, mais cela ne suggère aucun protocole de transport ou système de contrôle du débit. Le but principal de ce projet de recherche est de concevoir une architecture pour RCSF en trois phases : (i) Conception d’un mécanisme sensible au contexte et efficient en énergie pour fournir une QDS aux RCSF; (ii) Conception d’un mécanisme fiable et efficient en énergie pour fournir une récupération des paquets perdus et de l’équité dans les RCSF; et (iii) Conception d’un système de contrôle du débit sensible au contexte pour fournir un contrôle de congestion aux RCSF. Finalement, ce projet de recherche propose une architecture fiable, sensible au contexte et efficiente en énergie pour RCSF utilisés dans le domaine du sport. Cette architecture fait face à quatre défis : l'efficacité de l'énergie, la sensibilité au contexte, la qualité de service et la fiabilité. La mise en place de cette solution aidera à l’amélioration des compétences, de la performance, de l’endurance et des protocoles d’entraînement des athlètes, ainsi qu’à la détection des points faibles. Cette solution pourrait être prolongée à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des enfants, des personnes malades ou âgées, ou encore aux domaines militaires, de la sécurité et du divertissement. L’évaluation des protocoles et schémas proposés a été faite par simulations programmées avec le simulateur OMNeT++ et le système Castalia. Premièrement, le protocole de CAS proposé a été comparé avec les protocoles de CAS suivants : IEEE 802.15.6, IEEE 802.15.4 et T-MAC (Timeout MAC). Deuxièmement, le protocole de CAS proposé a été comparé avec le standard IEEE 802.15.6 avec et sans l’utilisation du protocole de transport proposé. Finalement, le protocole de CAS proposé et le standard IEEE 802.15.6 ont été comparés avec et sans l’utilisation du système de contrôle du débit proposé. Le protocole de CAS proposé surpasse les protocoles de CAS IEEE 802.15.6, IEEE 802.15.4 et T-MAC dans le pourcentage de pertes de paquets d’urgence et normaux, l’efficacité en énergie, et la latence du trafic d’urgence et du trafic normal. Le protocole de CAS proposé utilisé avec le protocole du transport proposé surpasse la performance du standard IEEE 802.15.6 dans le pourcentage de perte de paquets avec ou sans trafic d’urgence, l’efficacité en énergie, et la latence du trafic normal. Le système de contrôle du débit proposé a amélioré la performance du protocole de CAS proposé et du standard IEEE 802.15.6 dans le pourcentage de perte de paquets avec ou sans trafic d’urgence, l’efficacité en énergie, et la latence du trafic d’urgence.----------ABSTRACT Information collected from body sensors in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is sent to a hub or coordinator which processes the information and can also perform other functions such as managing body events, merging data from sensors, sensing other parameters, performing the functions of a user interface and bridging the WBAN to higher-level infrastructure and other stakeholders. The reduction of the power consumption of a WBAN is one of the most important aspects to be improved when designing a WBAN. This challenge might imply the development of more efficient Medium Access Control (MAC), transport and routing protocols. Congestion control is another of the most important factors when a WBAN is designed, due to its direct impact in the Quality of Service (QoS) and the energy efficiency of the network. The presence of congestion in a WBAN can produce a big packet loss and high energy consumption. The QoS is also impacted directly by the packet loss. The implementation of additional measures is necessary to mitigate the impact on WBAN communications. The MAC protocols for WBANs should allow body sensors to get quick access to the channel and send data to the hub, especially in emergency events while reducing the power consumption. The transport protocols for WBANs must provide end-to-end reliability and QoS for the whole network. This task can be accomplished through the reduction of both the Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and the latency while keeping fairness and low power consumption between nodes. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard suggests a MAC protocol which is intended to be applicable for all kinds of WBANs. Nonetheless, it could be improved for sports WBANs where the traffic-types handling could be different from other networks. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard supports QoS, but it does not suggest any transport protocol or rate control scheme. The main objective of this research project is to design an architecture for WBANs in three phases: (i) Designing a context-aware and energy-efficient mechanism for providing QoS in WBANs; (ii) Designing a reliable and energy-efficient mechanism to provide packet loss recovery and fairness in WBANs; and (iii) Designing a context-aware rate control scheme to provide congestion control in WBANs. Finally, this research project proposes a reliable, context-aware and energy-efficient architecture for WBANs used in sports applications, facing four challenges: energy efficiency, context awareness, quality of service and reliability. The benefits of this solution will help to improve skills, performance, endurance and training protocols of athletes, and deficiency detection. Also, it could be extended to enhance the quality of life of children, ill and elderly people, and to security, military and entertainment fields. The evaluation of the proposed protocols and schemes was made through simulations programed in the OMNeT++ simulator and the Castalia framework. First, the proposed MAC protocol was compared against the IEEE 802.15.6 MAC protocol, the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol and the T-MAC (Timeout MAC) protocol. Second, the proposed MAC protocol was compared with the IEEE 802.15.6 standard with and without the use of the proposed transport protocol. Finally, both the proposed MAC protocol and the IEEE 802.15.6 standard were compared with and without the use of the proposed rate control scheme. The proposed MAC protocol outperforms the IEEE 802.15.6 MAC protocol, the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol and the T-MAC protocol in the percentage of emergency and normal packet loss, the energy effectiveness, and the latency of emergency and normal traffic. The proposed MAC protocol working along with the proposed transport protocol outperforms the IEEE 802.15.6 standard in the percentage of the packet loss with or without emergency traffic, the energy effectiveness, and the latency of normal traffic. The proposed rate control scheme improved the performance of both the proposed MAC protocol and the IEEE 802.15.6 standard in the percentage of the packet loss with or without emergency traffic, the energy effectiveness and the latency of emergency traffic