Numerical Study on Acoustic Oscillations of 2D and 3D Flue Organ Pipe Like Instruments with Compressible LES

Acoustic oscillations of flue instruments are investigated numerically using compressible Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Investigating 2D and 3D models of flue instruments, we reproduce acoustic oscillations excited in the resonators as well as an important characteristic feature of flue instruments – the relation between the acoustic frequency and the jet velocity described by the semi-empirical theory developed by Cremer & Ising, Coltman and Fletcher et al. based on experimental results. Both 2D and 3D models exhibit almost the same oscillation frequency for a given jet velocity, but the acoustic oscillation as well as the jet motion is more stable in the 3D model than in the 2D model, due to less stability in 3D fluid of the rolled up eddies created by the collision of the jet with the edge, which largely disturb the jet motion and acoustic field in the 2D model. We also investigate the ratio of the amplitude of the acoustic flow through the mouth opening to the jet velocity, comparing with the experimental results and semi-empirical theory given by Hirschberg et al.

Contact Charge Electrophoresis: Cooperative dynamics of particle dispersions

In 1745 a Scotch Benedictine monk Andrew Gordon discovered Contact Charge Electrophoresis (CCEP) which remained in dormant state for centuries until gaining renewed prominence in the field of particle manipulation and actuation. Contact Charge Electrophoresis (CCEP) refers to the continuous to and fro motion of a conductive object between two electrodes subject to an applied voltage. The continuous motion of the conductive particle and the low power requirement provide an attractive alternative to traditional methods for particle manipulation techniques such as dielectrophoresis. Recent efforts to understand and apply CCEP have focused on the motion of single particles and we present dynamics of multiple conductive particles dispersed in non-conducting media that utilize CCEP to perform tasks like pumping and cargo transport operations as well as multiparticle clusters capable of tailored trajectories. Chapters 1 provides motivation for this work and background on CCEP. Providing brief details on development of microfluidic devices and modeling that are covered in more details in subsequent chapters. It also focuses on the historical aspect of CCEP, relevant background, mechanism, physics, application strategies in literature, strategies developed for single particle systems and possible extension to multiparticle systems. Chapters 2 and 3 talk about the dynamics and modeling of multiple conductive particles both in dispersion and aggregates/clusters powered by CCEP. In Chapter 2, we propose a new hybrid approach based on image-based method proposed earlier by Bonnecaze[18] for modeling CCEP. It covers challenges to modeling a multiple particle system in confinement, dynamics of chain formation and dynamics of cluster comprising conductive and non-conductive particles between two electrodes. While Chapter 3 focuses on details of methods and techniques used in development of the simulation for dispersion of conductive particles in confinement. Here we also illustrate variation of conductivity for complete range of electrode separation with varying volume fraction. Chapter 4 expands on multiple particle CCEP and shows that when we physically constrain particle trajectories to parallel tracks between the electrodes, the traveling waves of mechanical actuation can be realized in linear arrays of electromechanical oscillators that move and interact via electrostatic forces. Conductive spheres oscillate between biased electrodes through cycles of contact charging and electrostatic actuation. The combination of repulsive interactions among the particles and spatial gradients in their natural frequencies lead to phase locked states characterized by gradients in the oscillation phase. The frequency and wavelength of these traveling waves can be specified independently by varying the applied voltage and the electrode separation. We demonstrate how traveling wave synchronization can enable the directed transport of material cargo. Our results suggests that simple energy inputs can power complex patterns of mechanical actuation with potential opportunities for soft robotics and colloidal machines. Chapter 5 systematically investigate the dynamics of cluster comprising multiple spherical conductive particles driven via contact charge electrophoresis (CCEP). We are specifically interested in understanding dynamics of closed packed cluster of particles with both conductive and non-conductive particles in three dimensions(3D). Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes new ideas and proposes possible applications for multiple particle Contact charge electrophoresis motivated by this dissertation

Magneto-capillary dynamics of particles at curved liquid interfaces

The ability to manipulate colloidal particles with magnetic fields has profound applications both in industry and academic research ranging from automobile shock absorbers to robotic micro-surgery. Many of these applications use field gradients to generate forces on magnetic objects. Such methods are limited by the complexity of the required fields and by the magnitude of the forces generated. Spatially uniform fields only apply torques, but no forces, on magnetic particles. However, by coupling the particles' orientation and location, even static uniform fields can drive particle motion. We demonstrate this idea using particles adsorbed at curved liquid interfaces. We first review the intersection between active colloidal particles and (passive) particles at the fluid-fluid interface (chapter 1), followed by the introduction of magnetism, magnetic manipulation, and magnetic Janus particle fabrication techniques (chapter 2). In chapter 3, we use magnetic Janus particles with amphiphilic surface chemistry adsorbed at the spherical interface of water drop in decane as a model system to study particle response to a uniform field. Owing to capillary constraints, Janus particles adsorbed at curved interfaces will move in a uniform magnetic field to align their magnetic moment parallel to the applied field. This phenomenon is labeled as the magneto-capillary effect in this thesis. As explained quantitatively by a simple model, the effective magnetic force on the particle induced by static uniform field scales linearly with the curvature of the interface. For particles adsorbed on small droplets such as those found in emulsions, these magneto-capillary forces can far exceed those due to magnetic field gradients in both magnitude and range. The time-varying fields induce more complex particle motions that persist as long as the field is applied (chapter 4). Depending on the angle and frequency of a precessing field, particles orbit the drop poles or zig-zag around the drop equator. Magneto-capillary effects are not limited to Janus particles. Similar behaviors are observed in commercially available carbonyl iron particles. Periodic particle motion at the liquid interface can drive fluid flows inside the droplets, which may be useful for enhancing mass transport in droplet micro-reactors. The magneto-capillary effect at curved liquid interfaces offers new capabilities in magnetic manipulation: even static uniform fields can propel magnetic particles and the use of time-varying fields leads to steady particle motions of increasing complexity. These experimental demonstrations and the quantitative models that accompany them should both inspire and enable continued innovations in the use of magnetic fields to drive active processes in colloid and interface science. The final chapter highlights some specific directions for future work in this area

A hydrodynamic slender-body theory for local rotation at zero Reynolds number

Slender objects are commonplace in microscale flow problems, from soft deformable sensors to biological filaments such as flagella and cilia. While much research has focused on the local translational motion of these slender bodies, relatively little attention has been given to local rotation, even though it can be the dominant component of motion. In this study, we explore a classically motivated ansatz for the Stokes flow around a rotating slender body via superposed rotlet singularities, which leads us to pose an alternative ansatz that accounts for both translation and rotation. Through an asymptotic analysis that is supported by numerical examples, we determine the suitability of these flow ansatzes for capturing the fluid velocity at the surface of a slender body, assuming local axisymmetry of the object but allowing the cross-sectional radius to vary with arclength. In addition to formally justifying the presented slender-body ansatzes, this analysis reveals a markedly simple relation between the local angular velocity and the torque exerted on the body, which we term resistive torque theory. Though reminiscent of classical resistive force theories, this local relation is found to be algebraically accurate in the slender-body aspect ratio, even when translation is present, and is valid and required whenever local rotation contributes to the surface velocity at leading asymptotic order

Quincke Oscillators: Dynamics, synchronization, and assembly of self-oscillating colloids

Active colloids are small particles that can convert external energy supply into self-propulsion. Because of the existence of the energy current inside and across the system, active colloids exhibit behaviors that are far away from thermodynamic equilibrium. During the past decades, active colloids have been used to provide models for many different non-equilibrium system studies and have been designed to complete tasks on small scale. By tuning the particle size, shape, etc, or changing the actuation methods of the active colloid systems, people have developed a large number of different active colloid systems. Among all active colloid systems, the Quincke rotation system can effectively propel particles with rapid speed. This phenomenon refers to the spontaneous rolling of a dielectric sphere in a weakly conducting liquid under a DC electric field. Although the basic mechanism of a single Quincke roller has been well explained, some behaviors that occur in complex environments or with multiple Quincke particles are still mysteries. For example, one particle will move back and forth on the bottom electrode under a high electric DC field. This so-called Quincke Oscillation motion cannot be explained by the previous models well. So a new model is required. In this dissertation, we will focus on explaining this newly-discovered dynamic in the Quincke system. Then we will study the collective dynamics of multiple Quincke oscillators with designed experiments and models. In Chapter 1, the background and different actuation methods of active colloid systems are first introduced. Then the Quincke rotation system and its field-dependent dynamics are explained with a classic leaky dielectric model. The recent research results with Quincke systems are shortly reviewed afterward. In Chapter 2, we introduce the experimentally discovered Quincke Oscillation phenomenon. Then we reveal its dependency on liquid conductivity and particle size. This dynamic is finally explained by the asymmetric charging of the particle surface in the field-induced boundary layer near the electrode. This work opens the door to the study of the collective dynamics of Quincke oscillators. In Chapter 3, we first introduce a dynamical model considering the charge, dipole, and quadrupole moments of the sphere and predict its oscillatory motion under a non-uniform liquid conductivity environment. Then we study the behavior of two coupled Quincke oscillators with far-field hydrodynamic and electrostatic interactions. The numerical simulations predict the synchronization and alignment of two oscillators with fixed positions. We further develop a model based on weakly coupled oscillator assumptions by considering the relative phase and oscillating orientations of two oscillators. The model successfully explains the numerical simulation results and can be applied to other active colloid systems with multiple mobile oscillators. In Chapter 4, we show that the Quincke oscillators can assemble into a cluster and oscillate with high synchronization and alignment. This formation of the cluster can also increase the oscillation frequency of the oscillators. By considering the perfect contact rolling of the oscillators on the electrode, we develop a weakly coupled oscillator theory model. This model explains the tendency of particles to synchronize and align in a cluster and predicts the increase of the oscillation frequency when particles are in synchronized phases. The cluster is stabilized due to the existing phase waves observed in experiments and simulations. In Chapter 5, we introduce two other studies on Quincke rollers with different experimental designs. Particles of helical shape exhibit self-propulsion in the liquid bulk and highlight the role of shape in controlling particle dynamics. For multiple spheres in a height-confined system, the particles display a transition from a fluctuating state to an absorbing stable state depending on their density and the applied field strength. This work provides an experimental model for studying absorbing state. In Chapter 6, the development of the Quincke system study is reviewed and some future directions are suggested

Jeffery's orbits and microswimmers in flows: A theoretical review

In this review, we provide a theoretical introduction to Jeffery's equations for the orientation dynamics of an axisymmetric object in a flow at low Reynolds number, and review recent theoretical extensions and applications to the motions of self-propelled particles, so-called microswimmers, in external flows. Bacteria colonize human organs and medical devices even with flowing fluid, microalgae occasionally cause huge harmful toxic blooms in lakes and oceans, and recent artificial microrobots can migrate in flows generated in well-designed microfluidic chambers. The Jeffery equations, a simple set of ordinary differential equation, provide a useful building block in modeling, analyzing, and understanding these microswimmer dynamics in a flow current, in particular when incorporating the impact of the swimmer shape since the equations contain a shape parameter as a single scalar, known as the Bretherton parameter. The particle orientation forms a closed orbit when situated in a simple shear, and this non-uniform periodic rotational motion, referred to as Jeffery's orbits, is due to a constant of motion in the non-linear equation. After providing a theoretical introduction to microswimmer hydrodynamics and a derivation of the Jeffery equations, we discuss possible extensions to more general shapes, including those with rapid deformation. In the latter part of this review, simple mathematical models of microswimmers in different types of flow fields are described, with a focus on constants of motion and their relation to periodic motions in phase space, together with a breakdown of degenerate orbits, to discuss the stable, unstable, and chaotic dynamics of the system. The discussion in this paper will provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for Jeffery's orbits and will be useful to understand the motions of microswimmers under various flows.Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures. To appear in the Journal of the Physical Society of Japa

Magnetic Janus Particles and Their Applications

Magnetic properties are important since they enable the manipulation of particle behavior remotely and therefore provide the means to direct a particle’s orientation and translation. Magnetic Janus particles combine magnetic properties with anisotropy and thus are potential building blocks for complex structures that can be assembled from a particle suspension and can be directed through external fields. In this thesis, a method for the fabrication of three types of magnetic Janus particles with distinct magnetic properties is introduced, the assembly behavior of magnetic Janus particles in external magnetic and electric fields is systematically studied, and two potential applications of magnetic Janus particles are successfully tested. Janus particles with different magnetic properties are fabricated by varying the deposition rate of iron in an Ar/O2 atmosphere using physical vapor deposition (PVD). The extent of oxidation for each type of iron oxide is precisely controlled by the time it is exposed to the Ar/O2 atmosphere during deposition. Two of the three magnetic Janus particles produced show distinct assembly behavior into staggered and double chain structures, whereas the third shows no assembly behavior under an external magnetic field. The effect of the iron oxide cap thickness (≤ 50 nm) on the Janus particle assembly behavior is studied resulting in a deposition rate diagram that shows the relationship between the assembly behavior and the deposition rate. The cap materials for staggered chain, double chain, and no assembly behavior are assigned as Fe1-xO, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3, respectively, based on optical appearance and physical properties. The assignment is further confirmed by in-depth material characterization with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The magnetic hardness of the iron oxides is tested using the magneto-optic Kerr effect. The assembly behavior of Fe3O4-capped Janus particles is studied in overlapping parallel and perpendicular AC electric and magnetic fields. The chains formed by Fe3O4-capped magnetic Janus particles show contraction behavior of ~30%, which suggests their application as an in situ viscometer. The chain contraction rate is found to depend on the viscosity of the liquid as well as the size of Janus particles and an in situ microviscometer is realized. Further, the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions of Fe1-xO and Fe3O4-capped Janus particles are studied by analyzing the particle-particle interaction force and energy during the process of Janus particle doublet formation. Using the magnetic particle interaction energy, the magnetization of each iron oxide cap is determined and found to be in excellent agreement with magnetization values obtained using standard SQUID measurements suggesting the application of magnetic Janus particles as a micro-magnetometer. In summary, three types of magnetic Janus particles with distinct magnetic properties have been fabricated and show versatile assembly behaviors that make them useful basic building blocks for complex structures and applications. For example, magnetic Janus particles can be used to measure the viscosity of a fluid or the magnetic property of a thin film cap material. It is likely that other interesting applications will emerge, when Janus particles of various sizes and/or patchy particles with magnetic properties are combined and explored