The Margins of the Rational Man: Fluid Identities in Eighteenth-Century Biography

This study will explore the Enlightenment conception of the individual of reason, its attempted formulations in actor biographies, and its ultimate denial by the reality of human identity as multiple, fluid, and dialogical. Such fluidity sought to overcome the marginal status of the stage player through the embodiment of rational models of personality. Some stage celebrities, most notably David Garrick, were offering themselves as public models of identity for the new age of reasoned discourse. This involved the presentation before the public of stage performers as fully realized individuals. However, the unavoidable problem was that presenting an individual, even a renowned stage star, as a living paradigm of the enlightened person of reason would prove elusive. Aside from the inherent contradiction of locating any perfected stereotype in an actual person, the qualities making an individual in full conformity to his or her “reason” did not match the particular cultural qualities demanded for a successful eighteenth-century middle-class Englishman or Englishwoman. Nonetheless, by the last quarter of the eighteenth century, significant advances were made both within the particular profession of acting and before the onstage and offstage public. The acting profession was moving quickly and for the first time in England away from its marginalized status to offer respected agents for cultural change. The new genre of actor biographies as well contributed to this more fully realized formulation of the modern individual

Questioning the Rhetorical Eclipse of Philosophical Leisure: Ad Colloquium Conferendum

Human communication in our postmodern era has degenerated into phatic communication. Phatic communication, appropriate in some circumstances, used unreflectively limits the ability for the development of healthy, idea-laden conversation. The phatic nature of communication represents a loss of human interest in human communication. Philosophical leisure can help to recapture the element of human interest in conversation, which recuperates an over-abundance of phaticity in human communication. Recuperation of communication occurs when ideas drive conversation. Philosophical leisure can help human beings to find substance for those ideas. This study considers how philosophical leisure can enrich human communication

The devil is in the e-tale: form and structure in the entrepreneurial narrative.

In this chapter we explore the genre of Entrepreneurial Tales, which we refer to as e-tales. The title is an obvious parody of the proverb, The devil is in the detail and reflects the power of entrepreneurial narratives, a power that stems from the normative detail embedded in the moral content of the e-tale. We use the term tale in preference to other descriptors, as the word tale is associated with imaginative creation and even fiction, and also because tales explain themselves. Tales encompass morality and immorality. The purpose of the paper is to show how moral details play an important role in communicating values as a framework to entrepreneurial actions. We demonstrate that morality is an important detail of e-tales and forms a common master theme. The chapter explains what we mean by e-tales and shows how they form narratives which exhort entrepreneurship. We attempt to illustrate how they operate, essentially as instrumental examples - ways of showing that entrepreneurship can be done. We also show how these examples are set in a moral context, one which appears to promote an entrepreneurial ethos replete with an underpinning of moral values. To develop our argument the chapter is organised by first discussing the role of narrative as a cultural dialogue and how narrative provides a legimising frame of reference which is both sensemaking and sensegiving. We then explore the entrepreneurial narrative and show how e-tales confirm the righteousness of entrepreneurial actions by signifying a moral framework and a legitimising context. E-tales are argued to first promote entrepreneurship as practice by emphasising independence, perseverance and the value of success, especially in the face of adversity. They affirm a right way but, the devil in the e-tale, also demonstrate the fall from grace when appropriate ethical conduct is not maintained. Several examples of narrative are then considered. First the classic hagiographic tales of Horatio Alger and Samuel Smiles are presented as stereotypcal examples of e-tales. Next we find confirmation of the same elements in both biographies and novels about entrepreneurs. We also note the similarities in academic commentries about the use of metaphor in narrative. Finally we explore personal e-tales and conclude that e-tales have a definitive structure which emphasises the twin virues of morality and success

Recurrent neural models and related problems in natural language processing

Le réseau de neurones récurrent (RNN) est l’un des plus puissants modèles d’apprentissage automatique spécialis és dans la capture des variations temporelles et des dépendances de données séquentielles. Grâce à la résurgence de l’apprentissage en profondeur au cours de la dernière d écennie, de nombreuses structures RNN innovantes ont été invent ́ees et appliquées à divers problèmes pratiques, en particulier dans le domaine du traitement automatique du langage naturel (TALN). Cette thèse suit une direction similaire, dans laquelle nous proposons de nouvelles perspectives sur les propriétés structurelles des RNN et sur la manière dont les modèles RNN récemment proposés peuvent stimuler le developpement de nouveaux problèmes ouverts en TALN. Cette thèse se compose de deux parties: l’analyse de modèle et le traitement de nouveaux problèmes ouverts. Dans la première partie, nous explorons deux aspects importants des RNN: l’architecture de leurs connexions et les opérations de base dans leurs fonctions de transition. Plus précisément, dans le premier article, nous définissons plusieurs mesures rigoureuses pour évaluer la complexité architecturale de toute architecture récurrente donnée, quelle que soit la topologie du réseau. Des expériences approfondies sur ces mesures démontrent à la fois la validité théorique de celles-ci, et l’importance de guider la conception des architectures RNN. Dans le deuxième article, nous proposons un nouveau module permettant de combiner plusieurs flux d’informations de manière multiplicative dans les fonctions de tran- sition de base des RNN. Il a été démontré empiriquement que les RNN équipés du nouveau module possédaient de meilleures propriétés de gradient et des capacités de généralisation plus grandes sans coûts de calcul et de mémoire supplémentaires. La deuxième partie se concentre sur deux problèmes non résolus de la TALN: comment effectuer un raisonnement avancé à sauts multiples en compréhension de texte machine, et comment incorporer des traits de personnalité dans des systèmes conversationnels. Nous recueillons deux ensembles de données à grande échelle, dans le but de motiver les progrès méthodologiques sur ces deux problèmes. Spécifiquement, dans le troisième article, nous introduisons l'ensemble de données HotpotQA qui contient plus de 113000 paires question-réponse basées sur Wikipedia. La plupart des questions de HotpotQA ne peuvent résolues que par un raisonnement multi-saut précis sur plusieurs documents. Les faits à l'appui néces- saires au raisonnement sont également fournis pour aider le modèle à établir des prédictions explicables. Le quatrième article aborde le problème du manque de personnalité des chatbots. Le jeu de données persona-chat que nous proposons encourage des conversations plus engageantes et cohérentes en conditionnant la personnalité des membres en conversation sur des personnages spécifiques. Nous montrons des modèles de base entraînés sur persona-chat sont capables déxprimer des personnalités cohérentes et de réagir de manière plus captivante en se concentrant sur leurs propres personnages ainsi que ceux de leurs interlocuteurs.The recurrent neural network (RNN) is one of the most powerful machine learning models specialized in capturing temporal variations and dependencies of sequential data. Thanks to the resurgence of deep learning during the past decade, we have witnessed plenty of novel RNN structures being invented and applied to various practical problems especially in the field of natural language processing (NLP). This thesis follows a similar direction, in which we offer new insights about RNNs’ structural properties and how the recently proposed RNN models may stimulate the formation of new open problems in NLP. The scope of this thesis is divided into two parts: model analysis and new open problems. In the first part, we explore two important aspects of RNNs: their connecting architectures and basic operations in their transition functions. Specifically, in the first article, we define several rigorous measurements for evaluating the architectural complexity of any given recurrent architecture with arbitrary network topology. Thoroughgoing experiments on these measurements demonstrate their theoretical validity and utility of guiding the RNN architecture design. In the second article, we propose a novel module to combine different information flows multiplicatively in RNNs’ basic transition functions. RNNs equipped with the new module are empirically showed to have better gradient properties and stronger generalization capacities without extra computational and memory cost. The second part focuses on two open problems in NLP: how to perform advanced multi-hop reasoning in machine reading comprehension and how to encode personalities into chitchat dialogue systems. We collect two different large scale datasets aiming to motivate the methodological progress on these two problems. Particularly, in the third article we introduce HotpotQA dataset containing over 113k Wikipedia based question-answer pairs. Most of the questions in HotpotQA are answerable only through accurate multi-hop reasoning over multiple documents. Supporting facts required for reasoning are also provided to help the model to make explainable predictions. The fourth article tackles the problem of the lack of personality in chatbots. The proposed persona-chat dataset encourages more engaging and consistent conversations by forcing dialog partners conditioning on given personas. We show that baseline models trained on persona-chat are able to express consistent personalities and to respond in more captivating ways by concentrating on personas of both themselves and other interlocutors

Strategies for securing the unity of the self in Augustine and certain modern psychologists

My thesis explores what is involved in attaining an integrated sense of self, a question which is both interesting in its own right and which can also provide one enlightening means of comparing the disciplines of theology and psychology. The first two chapters establish the theological method to be followed and provide an ideological context. I describe why the relationship between theology and psychology is a particularly problematic one and outline why I think some of the methods so far proposed for relating them are unsatisfactory. I suggest instead that in some respects the two disciplines may be seen as providing alternative strategies for securing the unity of the self. With the aid of Charles Taylor's philosophy of personhood, I set out what I mean by the self and what constitutes the unity of the self. I describe how the modem self has developed historically through the relation of individuals to sources of value, and I suggest that theology and some forms of psychology can be understood as offering expressions of complementary sources of such value and hence can be related to one another. I consider postmodern attacks on the unified self and conclude that our contemporary context is one which demands less strongly ordered forms of integrating the self than those which have come down to us in the Western intellectual tradition. The next four chapters focus on the work of key representatives of the theological and psychological traditions. From the side of theology, I describe Augustine's conviction that an individual might move from a state of fragmentation to a state of wholeness through being remade in the image of the one God (chapter 3). From the psychological side, I consider Freud's methods for enabling us to move from a state of neurosis to limited self-mastery (chapter 4), and Jung's suggestion that wholeness is attained though discovery and acceptance of the natural realm lying within the psyche (chapter 5). 1 then review the proposals for uniting the self behind the project of self-actualisation that have been developed by the humanistic psychologists, in particular Fromm, Maslow and Rogers (chapter 6).In conclusion (chapter 7) 1 suggest some ways in which Augustine's theology needs to be revised if it is to be relevant to our contemporary self-understanding, and show how the most promising strategy for unifying the self is likely to arise from a combination of an Augustinian theistic outlook with the insights of these modem psychologists

정신건강에서 사용자 내러티브와 자아성찰을 지원하는 대화형 에이전트 디자인

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 융합과학기술대학원 융합과학부(디지털정보융합전공), 2020. 8. 서봉원.In the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), we are surrounded by technological gadgets, devices and intelligent personal assistant (IPAs) that voluntarily take care of our home, work and social networks. They help us manage our life for the better, or at least that is what they are designed for. As a matter of fact, few are, however, designed to help us grapple with the thoughts and feelings that often construct our living. In other words, technologies hardly help us think. How can they be designed to help us reflect on ourselves for the better? In the simplest terms, self-reflection refers to thinking deeply about oneself. When we think deeply about ourselves, there can be both positive and negative consequences. On the one hand, reflecting on ourselves can lead to a better self-understanding, helping us achieve life goals. On the other hand, we may fall into brooding and depression. The sad news is that the two are usually intertwined. The problem, then, is the irony that reflecting on oneself by oneself is not easy. To tackle this problem, this work aims to design technology in the form of a conversational agent, or a chatbot, to encourage a positive self-reflection. Chatbots are natural language interfaces that interact with users in text. They work at the tip of our hands as if SMS or instant messaging, from flight reservation and online shopping to news service and healthcare. There are even chatbot therapists offering psychotherapy on mobile. That machines can now talk to us creates an opportunity for designing a natural interaction that used to be humans own. This work constructs a two-dimensional design space for translating self-reflection into a human-chatbot interaction, with user self-disclosure and chatbot guidance. Users confess their thoughts and feelings to the bot, and the bot is to guide them in the scaffolding process. Previous work has established an extensive line of research on the therapeutic effect of emotional disclosure. In HCI, reflection design has posited the need for guidance, e.g. scaffolding users thoughts, rather than assuming their ability to reflect in a constructive manner. The design space illustrates different reflection processes depending on the levels of user disclosure and bot guidance. Existing reflection technologies have most commonly provided minimal levels of disclosure and guidance, and healthcare technologies the opposite. It is the aim of this work to investigate the less explored space by designing chatbots called Bonobot and Diarybot. Bonobot differentiates itself from other bot interventions in that it only motivates the idea of change rather than direct engagement. Diarybot is designed in two chat versions, Basic and Responsive, which create novel interactions for reflecting on a difficult life experience by explaining it to and exploring it with a chatbot. These chatbots are set up for a user study with 30 participants, to investigate the user experiences of and responses to design strategies. Based on the findings, challenges and opportunities from designing for chatbot-guided reflection are explored. The findings of this study are as follows. First, participants preferred Bonobots questions that prompted the idea of change. Its responses were also appreciated, but only when they conveyed accurate empathy. Thus questions, coupled with empathetic responses, could serve as a catalyst for disclosure and even a possible change of behavior, a motivational boost. Yet the chatbot-led interaction led to surged user expectations for the bot. Participants demanded more than just the guidance, such as solutions and even superhuman intelligence. Potential tradeoff between user engagement and autonomy in designing human-AI partnership is discussed. Unlike Bonobot, Diarybot was designed with less guidance to encourage users own narrative making. In both Diarybot chats, the presence of a bot could make it easier for participants to share the most difficult life experiences, compared to a no-chatbot writing condition. Yet an increased interaction with the bot in Responsive chat could lead to a better user engagement. On the contrary, more emotional expressiveness and ease of writing were observed with little interaction in Basic chat. Coupled with qualitative findings that reveal user preference for varied interactions and tendency to adapt to bot patterns, predictability and transparency of designing chatbot interaction are discussed in terms of managing user expectations in human-AI interaction. In sum, the findings of this study shed light on designing human-AI interaction. Chatbots can be a potential means of supporting guided disclosure on lifes most difficult experiences. Yet the interaction between a machine algorithm and an innate human cognition bears interesting questions for the HCI community, especially in terms of user autonomy, interface predictability, and design transparency. Discussing the notion of algorithmic affordances in AI agents, this work proposes meaning-making as novel interaction design metaphor: In the symbolic interaction via language, AI nudges users, which inspires and engages users in their pursuit of making sense of lifes agony. Not only does this metaphor respect user autonomy but also it maintains the veiled workings of AI from users for continued engagement. This work makes the following contributions. First, it designed and implemented chatbots that can provide guidance to encourage user narratives in self-reflection. Next, it offers empirical evidence on chatbot-guided disclosure and discusses implications for tensions and challenges in design. Finally, this work proposes meaning-making as a novel design metaphor. It calls for the responsible design of intelligent interfaces for positive reflection in pursuit of psychological wellbeing, highlighting algorithmic affordances and interpretive process of human-AI interaction.최근 인공지능(Artificial Intelligence; AI) 기술은 우리 삶의 면면을 매우 빠르게 바꿔놓고 있다. 특히 애플의 시리(Siri)와 구글 어시스턴트 (Google Assistant) 등 자연어 인터페이스(natural language interfaces)의 확장은 곧 인공지능 에이전트와의 대화가 인터랙션의 주요 수단이 될 것임을 능히 짐작케 한다. 실상 인공지능 에이전트는 실생활에서 콘텐츠 추천과 온라인 쇼핑 등 다양한 서비스를 제공하고 있지만, 이들의 대부분은 과업-지향적이다. 즉 인공지능은 우리의 삶을 편리하게 하지만, 과연 편안하게 할 수 있는가? 본 연구는 편하지만 편하지 않은 현대인을 위한 기술의 역할을 고민하는 데에서 출발한다. 자아성찰(self-reflection), 즉 자신에 대해 깊이 생각해 보는 활동은 자기인식과 자기이해를 도모하고 배움과 목표의식을 고취하는 등 분야를 막론하고 널리 연구 및 적용되어 왔다. 하지만 자아성찰의 가장 큰 어려움은 스스로 건설적인 성찰을 도모하기 힘들다는 것이다. 특히, 부정적인 감정적 경험에 대한 자아성찰은 종종 우울감과 불안을 동반한다. 극복이 힘든 경우 상담 또는 치료를 찾을 수 있지만, 사회적 낙인과 잣대의 부담감으로 꺼려지는 경우가 다수이다. 성찰 디자인(Reflection Design)은 인간-컴퓨터상호작용(HCI)의 오랜 화두로, 그동안 효과적인 성찰을 도울 수 있는 디자인 전략들이 다수 연구되어 왔지만 대부분 다양한 사용자 데이터 수집 전략을 통해 과거 회상 및 해석을 돕는 데 그쳤다. 최근 소위 챗봇 상담사가 등장하여 심리상담과 치료 분야에 적용되고 있지만, 이 또한 성찰을 돕기보다는 효율적인 처치 도구에 머무르고 있을 뿐이다. 즉 기술은 치료 수단이거나 성찰의 대상이 되지만, 그 과정에 개입하는 경우는 제한적이라고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 성찰 동반자로서 대화형 에이전트인 챗봇을 디자인할 것을 제안한다. 이 챗봇의 역할은 사용자의 부정적인 감정적 경험 또는 트라우마에 대해 이야기할 수 있도록 도울 뿐 아니라, 그 과정에서 반추를 통제하여 건설적인 내러티브를 이끌어 내는 가이드를 제공하는 것이다. 이러한 챗봇을 설계하기 위해, 선행 연구를 기반으로 사용자의 자기노출(user self-disclosure)과 챗봇 가이드(guidance)를 두 축으로 한 디자인 공간(design space)을 정의하였다. 그리고 자기노출과 가이드의 정도에 따른 네 가지 자아성찰 경험을 분류하였다: 자기노출과 가이드가 최소화된 회상 공간, 자기노출이 위주이고 가이드가 최소화된 설명 공간, 자기노출과 챗봇이 이끄는 가이드가 혼합된 탐색 공간, 가이드를 적극 개입시켜 자기노출을 높이는 변화 공간이 그것이다. 본 연구의 목표는 상술된 디자인 공간에서의 성찰 경험과 과정을 돕는 챗봇을 구현하고, 사용자 실험을 통해 성찰 경험과 디자인 전략에 대한 반응을 수집 및 분석함으로써 챗봇 기반의 자아 성찰 인터랙션을 새롭게 제시하고 이에 대한 실증적 근거를 마련하는 것이다. 현재까지 많은 성찰 기술은 회상에 집중되어 있기에, 나머지 세 공간에서의 성찰을 지원하는 보노봇과 기본형반응형 일기봇을 디자인하였다. 또한, 사용자 평가를 바탕으로 도출한 연구결과를 통해 도래한 인간-인공지능 상호작용(human-AI interaction)의 맥락에서 성찰 동반자로서의 챗봇 기술이 갖는 의미와 역할을 탐구한다. 보노봇과 일기봇은 인간중심상담과 대화분석의 이론적 근거를 바탕으로 한 정서지능(emotional intelligence)과 절차지능(proecedural intelligence)을 핵심 축으로, 대화 흐름 제어(flow manager)와 발화 생성(response generator)을 핵심 모듈로 구현하였다. 먼저, 보노봇은 동기강화상담(motivational interviewing)을 기반으로 고민과 스트레스에 대한 내러티브를 이끌어내어, 이에 대한 해결을 위한 가이드 질문을 통해 변화를 위한 성찰을 돕는다. 챗봇의 구현을 위해, 동기강화상담의 네 단계 대화를 설정하고 각 단계를 구성할 수 있는 상담사 발화 행동을 관련문헌에서 수집 및 전처리 과정을 거쳐 스크립트화하였다. 또한, 사전 전처리된 문장이 맥락을 유지할 수 있는 대화에 쓰일 수 있도록, 대화의 주제는 대학원생의 어려움으로 한정하였다. 보노봇과의 대화가 사용자의 성찰에 미치는 영향과 이에 대한 인식을 탐색하기 위해 질적 연구방법을 사용하여 30명의 대학원생과 사용자 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과, 사용자는 변화 대화를 유도할 수 있는 다양한 탐색 질문을 선호하였다. 또한, 사용자의 맥락에 정확히 들어맞는 질문과 피드백은 사용자를 더욱 적극적인 자기 노출로 이끌게 할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 그러나 챗봇이 마치 상담사처럼 대화를 이끌어갈 경우, 높아진 사용자의 기대 수준으로 인해 일부 사용자가 변화에 대한 동기를 표출하였음에도 불구하고 변화에 대한 자율성을 챗봇에 양도하려는 모습 또한 나타남을 분석하였다. 보노봇 연구를 바탕으로 일기봇은 챗봇 대신 사용자가 보다 적극적으로 성찰 내러티브를 전개할 수 있도록 디자인하였다. 일기봇은 트라우마에 대한 표현적 글쓰기를 지원하는 챗봇으로, 기본형 또는 반응형 대화를 제공한다. 기본형 대화는 트라우마에 대해 자유롭게 설명할 수 있는 대화 환경을 제공하고, 반응형 대화는 사용자가 작성한 내러티브에 대한 후속 인터랙션을 통해 과거의 경험을 재탐색하도록 하였다. 또한, 후속 인터랙션의 발화 행동은 다양한 상담치료에서 발췌하되 유저의 내러티브에서 추출한 감정어 및 인간관계 키워드를 활용하도록 하였다. 각 일기봇에 대한 반응을 비교 분석하기 위해, 챗봇 없이 도큐먼트에 표현적 글쓰기 활동만을 하는 대조군을 설정하고 30명의 사용자를 모집하여 각 조건에 랜덤으로 배정, 설문과 면담을 동반한 4일간의 글쓰기 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과, 사용자는 일기봇과의 인터랙션을 통해 보이지 않는 가상의 청자를 상상함으로써 글쓰기를 대화 활동으로 인지하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 반응형 대화의 후속 질문들은 사용자로 하여금 상황을 객관화하고 새로운 관점으로 생각해 볼 수 있는 효과를 거두었다. 반응형 대화에서 후속 인터랙션을 경험한 사용자는 일기봇의 인지된 즐거움과 사회성, 신뢰도와 재사용 의향에 대한 평가가 다른 두 조건에서보다 유의하게 높았다. 반면, 기본형 대화 참여자는 다른 두 조건에서보다 감정적 표현의 용이성과 글쓰기의 어려움을 각각 유의하게 높게, 그리고 낮게 평가하였다. 즉, 챗봇은 많은 인터랙션 없이도 청자의 역할을 수행할 수 있었지만, 후속 질문을 통한 인터랙션이 가능했던 반응형 대화는 더욱 적극적인 유저 참여(engagement)를 이끌어낼 수 있었다. 또한, 실험이 진행됨에 따라, 사용자가 반응형 일기봇의 알고리즘에 자신의 글쓰기 주제와 단어 선택 등을 맞게 바꾸어 가는 적응적(adaptive) 행동이 관찰되었다. 앞선 연구결과를 통해, 다양한 챗봇 디자인 전략을 바탕으로 사용자의 내러티브가 다르게 유도될 수 있으며, 따라서 서로 다른 유형의 성찰 경험을 이끌어낼 수 있음을 발견하였다. 또한, 자율적인 행위인 자아성찰이 기술과의 상호작용으로 호혜적 성질을 갖게 될 때 사용자의 자율성, 상호작용의 예측가능성과 디자인 투명성에서 발생할 수 있는 갈등관계(tensions)를 탐색하고 인공지능 에이전트의 알고리즘 어포던스(algorithmic affordances)를 논의하였다. 보이지 않는 챗봇 알고리즘에 의해 사용자의 성찰이 유도될 수 있다는 것은 기존의 인간-컴퓨터 상호작용에서 강조되는 사용자 제어와 디자인 투명성에서 전복을 초래하는 것처럼 보일 수 있으나, 상징적 상호작용(symbolic interaction)의 맥락에서 오히려 사용자가 알고리즘에 의해 지나간 과거에 대한 새로운 의미를 적극 탐색해나가는 과정이 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 이것을 새로운 디자인 메타포, 즉 의미-만들기(meaning-making)로 제안하고 알고리즘의 넛지(nudge)에 의한 사용자의 주관적 해석 경험(interpretive process)을 강조한다. 이것은 하나의 챗봇 알고리즘이라 할지라도 서로 다른 사용자의 다양한 성찰 경험을 유도해낼 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 이러한 맥락에서 인공지능은 기존의 블랙 박스를 유지하면서도 사용자의 자율성을 보장할 수 있다. 본 연구는 우리와 협업하는 인공지능 챗봇 기술의 디자인에 대한 경험적 이해를 높이고, 이론을 기반으로 한 챗봇을 구현함으로써 디자인 전략에 대한 실증적 근거를 제시한다. 또한 자아 성찰 과정에 동행하는 동반자(companion)로서의 기술로 새로운 디자인 메타포를 제시함으로써 인간컴퓨터상호작용(HCI)의 이론적 확장에 기여하고, 사용자의 부정적 경험에 대한 의미 추구를 돕는 관계지향적 인공지능으로서 향후 현대인의 정신건강에 이바지할 수 있는 사회적, 산업적 의의를 갖는다.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION １ 1.1. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION １ 1.2. RESEARCH GOAL AND QUESTIONS ５ 1.2.1. Research Goal ５ 1.2.2. Research Questions ５ 1.3. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS ８ 1.4. THESIS OVERVIEW ９ CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW １１ 2.1. THE REFLECTING SELF １１ 2.1.1. Self-Reflection and Mental Wellbeing １１ 2.1.2. The Self in Reflective Practice １５ 2.1.3. Design Space ２２ 2.2. SELF-REFLECTION IN HCI ２６ 2.2.1. Reflection Design in HCI ２６ 2.2.2. HCI for Mental Wellbeing ３６ 2.2.3. Design Opportunities ４０ 2.3. CONVERSATIONAL AGENT DESIGN ４２ 2.3.1. Theoretical Background ４２ 2.3.2. Technical Background ４７ 2.3.3. Design Strategies ４９ 2.4. SUMMARY ６９ CHAPTER 3. DESIGNING CHATBOT FOR TRANSFORMATIVE REFLECTION ７１ 3.1. DESIGN GOAL AND DECISIONS ７１ 3.2. CHATBOT IMPLEMENTATION ７６ 3.2.1. Emotional Intelligence ７６ 3.2.2. Procedural Intelligence ７７ 3.3. EXPERIMENTAL USER STUDY ７９ 3.3.1. Participants ７９ 3.3.2. Task ８０ 3.3.3. Procedure ８０ 3.3.4. Ethics Approval ８０ 3.3.5. Surveys and Interview ８１ 3.4. RESULTS ８２ 3.4.1. Survey Findings ８２ 3.4.2. Qualitative Findings ８３ 3.5. IMPLICATIONS ８８ 3.5.1. Articulating Hopes and Fears ８９ 3.5.2. Designing for Guidance ９１ 3.5.3. Rethinking Autonomy ９２ 3.6. SUMMARY ９４ CHAPTER 4. DESIGNING CHATBOTS FOR EXPLAINING AND EXPLORING REFLECTIONS ９６ 4.1. DESIGN GOAL AND DECISIONS ９６ 4.1.1. Design Decisions for Basic Chat ９８ 4.1.2. Design Decisions for Responsive Chat ９８ 4.2. CHATBOT IMPLEMENTATION １０２ 4.2.1. Emotional Intelligence １０３ 4.2.2. Procedural Intelligence １０５ 4.3. EXPERIMENTAL USER STUDY １０６ 4.3.1. Participants １０６ 4.3.2. Task １０７ 4.3.3. Procedure １０７ 4.3.4. Safeguarding of Study Participants and Ethics Approval １０８ 4.3.5. Surveys and Interviews １０８ 4.4. RESULTS １１１ 4.4.1. Quantitative Findings １１１ 4.4.2. Qualitative Findings １１８ 4.5. IMPLICATIONS １２７ 4.5.1. Telling Stories to a Chatbot １２８ 4.5.2. Designing for Disclosure １３０ 4.5.3. Rethinking Predictability and Transparency １３２ 4.6. SUMMARY １３３ CHAPTER 5. DESIGNING CHATBOTS FOR SELF-REFLECTION: SUPPORTING GUIDED DISCLOSURE １３５ 5.1. DESIGNING FOR GUIDED DISCLOSURE １３９ 5.1.1. Chatbots as Virtual Confidante １３９ 5.1.2. Routine and Variety in Interaction １４１ 5.1.3. Reflection as Continued Experience １４４ 5.2. TENSIONS IN DESIGN １４５ 5.2.1. Adaptivity １４５ 5.2.2. Autonomy １４７ 5.2.3. Algorithmic Affordance １４８ 5.3. MEANING-MAKING AS DESIGN METAPHOR １５０ 5.3.1. Meaning in Reflection １５１ 5.3.2. Meaning-Making as Interaction １５３ 5.3.3. Making Meanings with AI １５５ CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION １５８ 6.1. RESEARCH SUMMARY １５８ 6.2. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK １６１ 6.3. FINAL REMARKS １６３ BIBLIOGRAPHY １６５ ABSTRACT IN KOREAN １９２Docto

Ann Batten Cristall and the Lyrical Sketch: The Influence of Eighteenth-Century Aesthetics on Lyric Performativity

There is only a small body of scholarship on British Romantic poet Ann Batten Cristall who published one collection, Poetical Sketches, in 1795. This thesis analyzes the songs of her diverse collection, which have yet to receive substantive critical attention. I clarify the nature of her aesthetic by introducing the “lyrical sketch” as a genre in which she works, reimagining the “irregularities” of her poetry as instances of innovation. The scholarship on Cristall has tended to be feminist as it seeks to repair her literary reputation. Comparisons between Cristall and Blake are common and seek to legitimize her work by arguing that her genius is similar to Blake’s. While comparing her to Blake in this manner gives Cristall some credibility, it does so at the expense of recognizing her unique contribution to the lyric genre. I put Cristall and Blake’s lyrics in dialogue by placing them on a lyric spectrum with Frye’s pictorial and musical boundaries. My hope is that this alternative methodology illustrates the way in which Cristall can help us read Blake as much as he provides insight into reading her poetry. This project and its approach reaffirm the importance of reading poetry by women in a shared tradition with male writers, resulting in a more comprehensive genre study that nuances the construction of the British Romantic lyric. Although I offer a critique of current strategies to recover the work of women writers, my project shares a similar feminist motivation. Cristall’s poetry questions the construction of the solitary (male) lyric speaker. In demystifying the aura of the isolated speaker, Cristall complicates the addresser-addressee relationship, opening up the lyric to the reader. Additionally, she confounds the notion that genius and the role of the lyric “I” are the prerogatives of men. The first chapter examines Cristall’s meter and rhythm in light of late eighteenth-century understandings of the arts to elucidate her key aesthetic principles of verbal immediacy, derivative of the sketch, and lyric performativity. Consideration of the cultures of the visual arts and music combined with formalist readings reveals that Cristall’s lyrical sketch is more musical than pictorial. I argue that she achieves these rhetorical effects through her manipulation of genre in the lyrical sketch. In the second chapter, I contrast her songs to William Blake’s “Introduction” to Songs of Innocence to better define the lyrical sketch and to highlight Cristall’s formal ingenuity. The juxtaposition of Cristall’s musical lyrical sketch with Blake’s pictorial illuminated lyric demonstrates the dialectical interaction of the rhetorical strategies of the visual arts (immediacy) and of music (performativity). In Cristall’s poetry, it becomes evident that lyrical sonority subsumes the visual aspects of the sketch. Finally, I conclude with the hypothesis that the lyrical sketch, and its challenges to traditional notions of the lyric, is not a genre that unique to Cristall, and warrants further study.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113264/1/Paull - Project.pdf3