Ann: a domain-specific language for the effective design and validation of Java annotations

This paper describes a new modelling language for the effective design and validation of Java annotations. Since their inclusion in the 5th edition of Java, annotations have grown from a useful tool for the addition of meta-data to play a central role in many popular software projects. Usually they are not conceived in isolation, but in groups, with dependency and integrity constraints between them. However, the native support provided by Java for expressing this design is very limited. To over come its deficiencies and make explicit the rich conceptual model which lies behind a set of annotations,we propose a domain-specific modelling language.The proposal has been implemented as an Eclipse plug-in, including an editor and an integrated code generator that synthesises annotation processors. The environmental so integrates a model finder,able to detectun satisfiable constraints between different annotations, and to provide examples of correct annotation usages for validation. The language has been tested using a real set of annotations from the Java Persistence API(JPA).Within this subset we have found enough rich semantics expressible with Ann and omitted nowadays by the Java language, which shows the benefits of Ann in are levant field of application

Ann: A domain-specific language for the effective design and validation of Java annotations

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Computer Languages, Systems & Structures. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Computer Languages, Systems & Structures, VOL 45, (2016) DOI 10.1016/j.cl.2016.02.002This paper describes a new modelling language for the effective design and validation of Java annotations. Since their inclusion in the 5th edition of Java, annotations have grown from a useful tool for the addition of meta-data to play a central role in many popular software projects. Usually they are not conceived in isolation, but in groups, with dependency and integrity constraints between them. However, the native support provided by Java for expressing this design is very limited. To overcome its deficiencies and make explicit the rich conceptual model which lies behind a set of annotations, we propose a domain-specific modelling language. The proposal has been implemented as an Eclipse plug-in, including an editor and an integrated code generator that synthesises annotation processors. The environment also integrates a model finder, able to detect unsatisfiable constraints between different annotations, and to provide examples of correct annotation usages for validation. The language has been tested using a real set of annotations from the Java Persistence API (JPA). Within this subset we have found enough rich semantics expressible with Ann and omitted nowadays by the Java language, which shows the benefits of Ann in a relevant field of application.We would like to thank the reviewers for their detailed comments, which helped us in improving a previous version of this paper. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity with project FLEXOR (TIN2014-52129-R) and the Community of Madrid with project SICOMORO-CM (S2013/ICE-3006)

On Formalizing UML and OCL Features and Their Employment to Runtime Verification

Model-driven development (MDD) has been identified as a promising approach for developing software. By using abstract models of a system and by generating parts of the system out of these models, one tries to improve the efficiency of the overall development process and the quality of the resulting software. In the context of MDD the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and its related textual Object Constraint Language (OCL) have gained a high recognition. To be able to generate systems of high quality and to allow for interoperability between modeling tools, a well-defined semantics for these languages is required. This thesis summarizes published work in this context that employs an endogenous metamodeling approach to define the semantics of newer elements of the UML. While the covered elements are exhaustively used to define relations between elements of the metamodel of the UML, the UML specification leaves out a precise definition of their semantics. Our proposed approach uses models, not only to define the abstract syntax, but also to define the semantics of UML. By using UML and OCL for this, existing modeling tools can be used to validate the definition. The second part of this thesis covers work on the usage of UML and OCL models for runtime verification. It is shown how models can still be used at the end of a software development process, i. e., after an implementation has manually been added to generated parts, even though they are not used as central parts of the development process. This work also influenced the integration of protocol state machines into a modeling tool, which lead to publications about the runtime semantics of state machines and the capabilities to declaratively specify behavior using state machines

Model Transformation Languages with Modular Information Hiding

Model transformations, together with models, form the principal artifacts in model-driven software development. Industrial practitioners report that transformations on larger models quickly get sufficiently large and complex themselves. To alleviate entailed maintenance efforts, this thesis presents a modularity concept with explicit interfaces, complemented by software visualization and clustering techniques. All three approaches are tailored to the specific needs of the transformation domain

Model Transformation Languages with Modular Information Hiding

Model transformations, together with models, form the principal artifacts in model-driven software development. Industrial practitioners report that transformations on larger models quickly get sufficiently large and complex themselves. To alleviate entailed maintenance efforts, this thesis presents a modularity concept with explicit interfaces, complemented by software visualization and clustering techniques. All three approaches are tailored to the specific needs of the transformation domain

Consistency of UML based designs using ontology reasoners

Software plays an important role in our society and economy. Software development is an intricate process, and it comprises many different tasks: gathering requirements, designing new solutions that fulfill these requirements, as well as implementing these designs using a programming language into a working system. As a consequence, the development of high quality software is a core problem in software engineering. This thesis focuses on the validation of software designs. The issue of the analysis of designs is of great importance, since errors originating from designs may appear in the final system. It is considered economical to rectify the problems as early in the software development process as possible. Practitioners often create and visualize designs using modeling languages, one of the more popular being the Uni ed Modeling Language (UML). The analysis of the designs can be done manually, but in case of large systems, the need of mechanisms that automatically analyze these designs arises. In this thesis, we propose an automatic approach to analyze UML based designs using logic reasoners. This approach firstly proposes the translations of the UML based designs into a language understandable by reasoners in the form of logic facts, and secondly shows how to use the logic reasoners to infer the logical consequences of these logic facts. We have implemented the proposed translations in the form of a tool that can be used with any standard compliant UML modeling tool. Moreover, we authenticate the proposed approach by automatically validating hundreds of UML based designs that consist of thousands of model elements available in an online model repository. The proposed approach is limited in scope, but is fully automatic and does not require any expertise of logic languages from the user. We exemplify the proposed approach with two applications, which include the validation of domain specific languages and the validation of web service interfaces

A cognitive exploration of the “non-visual” nature of geometric proofs

Why are Geometric Proofs (Usually) “Non-Visual”? We asked this question as a way to explore the similarities and differences between diagrams and text (visual thinking versus language thinking). Traditional text-based proofs are considered (by many to be) more rigorous than diagrams alone. In this paper we focus on human perceptual-cognitive characteristics that may encourage textual modes for proofs because of the ergonomic affordances of text relative to diagrams. We suggest that visual-spatial perception of physical objects, where an object is perceived with greater acuity through foveal vision rather than peripheral vision, is similar to attention navigating a conceptual visual-spatial structure. We suggest that attention has foveal-like and peripheral-like characteristics and that textual modes appeal to what we refer to here as foveal-focal attention, an extension of prior work in focused attention

Building Transformation Networks for Consistent Evolution of Interrelated Models

In dieser Dissertation formalisieren und analysieren wir die Konsistenzerhaltung verschiedener Artefakte zur Beschreibung eines Softwaresystems durch die Kopplung von Transformationen zwischen diesen und unterstützen sie mit geeigneten Methoden. Für die Entwicklung eines Softwaresystems nutzen Entwickler:innen und weitere Beteiligte verschiedene Sprachen, oder allgemein Werkzeuge, zur Beschreibung unterschiedlicher Belange. Meist stellt Programmcode das zentrale Artefakt dar, welches jedoch, implizit oder explizit, durch Spezifikationen von Architektur, Deployment, Anforderungen und anderen ergänzt wird. Neben der Programmiersprache verwenden die Beteiligten weitere Sprachen zur Spezifikation dieser Artefakte, beispielsweise die UML für Modelle des objektorientierten Entwurfs oder der Architektur, den OpenAPI-Standard für Schnittstellen-Definitionen, oder Docker für Deployment-Spezifikationen. Zur Erstellung eines funktionsfähigen Softwaresystems müssen diese Artefakte das System einheitlich und widerspruchsfrei darstellen. Beispielsweise müssen Dienst-Schnittstellen in allen Artefakten einheitlich repräsentiert sein. Wir sagen, die Artefakte müssen konsistent sein. In der modellgetriebenen Entwicklung werden solche verschiedenen Artefakte allgemein Modelle genannt und bereits als wesentliche zentrale Entwicklungsbestandteile genutzt, um auch Teile des Programmcodes aus ihnen abzuleiten. Dies betrifft beispielsweise die Softwareentwicklung für Fahrzeuge. Zur Konsistenzerhaltung der Modelle werden oftmals Transformationen eingesetzt, die nach Änderungen eines Modells die anderen Modelle anpassen. Die bisherige Forschung beschränkt sich auf Transformationen zur Konsistenzerhaltung zweier Modelle und die projektspezifische Kombination von Transformationen zur Konsistenzerhaltung mehrerer Modelle. Ein systematischer Entwicklungsprozess, in dem einzelne Transformationen unabhängig entwickelt und in verschiedenen Kontexten modular wiederverwendet werden können, wird hierdurch jedoch nicht unterstützt. In dieser Dissertation erforschen wir, wie Entwickler:innen mehrere Transformationen zu einem Netzwerk kombinieren können, welches die Transformationen in einer geeigneten Reihenfolge ausführen kann, sodass abschließend alle Modelle konsistent zueinander sind. Dies geschieht unter der Annahme, dass einzelne Transformationen zwischen zwei Sprachen unabhängig voneinander entwickelt werden und daher nicht aufeinander abgestimmt werden können. Unsere Beiträge unterteilen sich in die Untersuchung der Korrektheit einer solchen Kombination von Transformationen zu einem Netzwerk und die Optimierung von Qualitätseigenschaften solcher Netzwerke. Wir diskutieren und definieren zunächst einen adäquaten Korrektheitsbegriff, welcher drei Anforderungen impliziert. Diese umfassen eine Synchronisations-Eigenschaft für die einzelnen Transformationen, eine Kompatibilitäts-Eigenschaft für das Transformationsnetzwerk, sowie das Finden einer geeigneten Ausführungsreihenfolge der Transformationen, einer Orchestrierung. Wir stellen ein Konstruktionsverfahren für Transformationen vor, mit welchem die Synchronisations-Eigenschaft basierend auf einer formal bewiesenen Eigenschaft erfüllt wird. Für dieses zeigen wir Vollständigkeit und Angemessenheit mit einer fallstudienbasierten empirischen Evaluation in der Domäne der komponentenbasierten Softwareentwicklung. Wir definieren die Eigenschaft der Kompatibilität von Transformationen, für welche wir ein formales und bewiesen korrektes Analyseverfahren vorschlagen und eine praktische Realisierung ableiten, deren Anwendbarkeit wir in Fallstudien nachweisen. Schlussendlich definieren wir das Orchestrierungsproblem zum Finden einer Orchestrierung, die zu konsistenten Modelle führt wann immer solch eine Orchestrierung existiert. Wir beweisen die Unentscheidbarkeit dieses Problems und diskutieren, dass eine Einschränkung des Problems, um Entscheidbarkeit zu erreichen, die Anwendbarkeit unpraktikabel beschränken würde. Daher schlagen wir einen Algorithmus vor, der das Problem konservativ behandelt. Er findet eine Orchestrierung unter bestimmten, wohldefinierten Bedingungen und terminiert andernfalls mit einem Fehler. Wir beweisen die Korrektheit des Algorithmus und eine Eigenschaft, die das Finden der Ursache im Fehlerfall unterstützt. Zusätzlich kategorisieren wir Fehler, die auftreten können falls ein Netzwerk den definierten Korrektheitsbegriff nicht erfüllt. Daraus leiten wir mittels den bereits genannten Fallstudien ab, dass die meisten potentiellen Fehler per Konstruktion mit den in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagenen Ansätzen vermieden werden können. Zur Untersuchung von Qualitätseigenschaften eines Netzwerkes von Transformationen klassifizieren wir zunächst relevante Eigenschaften, sowie den Effekt verschiedener Typen von Netzwerktopologien auf diese. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass insbesondere Korrektheit und Wiederverwendbarkeit im Widerspruch stehen, sodass die Wahl der Netzwerktopologie ein Abwägen bei der Optimierung dieser Eigenschaften erfordert. Wir leiten hieraus ein Konstruktionsverfahren für Transformationsnetzwerke ab, welches die Notwendigkeit einer Abwägung zwischen den Qualitätseigenschaften abmildert und, unter gewissen Voraussetzungen, Korrektheit per Konstruktion gewährleistet. Wir unterstützen den Entwicklungsprozess für diesen Ansatz mithilfe einer spezialisierten Spezifikationssprache. Während die Verminderung der Notwendigkeit einer Abwägung zwischen Qualitätseigenschaften durch den Ansatz per Konstruktion erreicht wird, zeigen wir die Erreichbarkeit der Voraussetzungen und die Vorteile der vorgeschlagenen Sprache in einer empirischen Evaluation mithilfe der Fallstudie aus der komponentenbasierten Softwareentwicklung. Die Beiträge dieser Dissertation unterstützen sowohl Forscher:innen als auch Transformationsentwickler:innen und Transformationsanwender:innen bei der Analyse und Konstruktion von Netzwerken von Transformationen. Sie stellen für Forscher:innen und Transformationsentwickler:innen systematisches Wissen über die Korrektheit und weitere Qualitätseigenschaften solcher Netzwerke bereit. Sie zeigen insbesondere welche Teile dieser Eigenschaften per Konstruktion erreicht werden können, welche per Analyse validiert werden können, und welche Fehler unvermeidbar bei der Ausführung erwartet werden müssen. Zusätzlich zu diesen Einsichten stellen wir konkrete, praktisch nutzbare Verfahren bereit, mit denen Transformationsentwickler:innen und Transformationsanwender:innen korrekte, modular wiederverwendbare Netzwerke konstruieren, analysieren und ausführen können

Heterogeneous verification of model transformations

Esta tesis trata sobre la verificación formal en el contexto de la Ingeniería Dirigida por Modelos (MDE por sus siglas en inglés). El paradigma propone un ciclo de vida de la ingeniería de software basado en una abstracción de su complejidad a través de la definición de modelos y en un proceso de construcción (semi)automático guiado por transformaciones de estos modelos. Nuestro propósito es abordar la verificación de transformaciones de modelos la cual incluye, por extensión, la verificación de sus modelos. Comenzamos analizando la literatura relacionada con la verificación de transformaciones de modelos para concluir que la heterogeneidad de las propiedades que interesa verificar y de los enfoques para hacerlo, sugiere la necesidad de utilizar diversos dominios lógicos, lo cual es la base de nuestra propuesta. En algunos casos puede ser necesario realizar una verificación heterogénea, es decir, utilizar diferentes formalismos para la verificación de cada una de las partes del problema completo. Además, es beneficioso permitir a los expertos formales elegir el dominio en el que se encuentran más capacitados para llevar a cabo una prueba formal. El principal problema reside en que el mantenimiento de múltiples representaciones formales de los elementos de MDE en diferentes dominios lógicos, puede ser costoso si no existe soporte automático o una relación formal clara entre estas representaciones. Motivados por esto, definimos un entorno unificado que permite la verificación formal transformaciones de modelos mediante el uso de métodos de verificación heterogéneos, de forma tal que es posible automatizar la traducción formal de los elementos de MDE entre dominios logicos. Nos basamos formalmente en la Teoría de Instituciones, la cual proporciona una base sólida para la representación de los elementos de MDE (a través de instituciones) sin depender de ningúningún dominio lógico específico. También proporciona una forma de especificar traducciones (a través de comorfismos) que preservan la semántica entre estos elementos y otros dominios lógicos. Nos basamos en estándares para la especificación de los elementos de MDE. De hecho, definimos una institución para la buena formación de los modelos especificada con una versión simplificada del MetaObject Facility y otra institución para transformaciones utilizando Query/View/Transformation Relations. No obstante, la idea puede ser generalizada a otros enfoques de transformación y lenguajes.Por último, demostramos la viabilidad del entorno mediante el desarrollo de un prototipo funcional soportado por el Heterogeneous Tool Set (HETS). HETS permite realizar una especificación heterogénea y provee facilidades para el monitoreo de su corrección global. Los elementos de MDE se conectan con otras lógicas ya soportadas en HETS (por ejemplo: lógica de primer orden, lógica modal, entre otras) a través del Common Algebraic Specification Language (CASL). Esta conexión se expresa teóricamente mediante comorfismos desde las instituciones de MDE a la institución subyacente en CASL. Finalmente, discutimos las principales contribuciones de la tesis. Esto deriva en futuras líneas de investigación que contribuyen a la adopción de métodos formales para la verificación en el contexto de MDE.This thesis is about formal verification in the context of the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) paradigm. The paradigm proposes a software engineering life-cycle based on an abstraction from its complexity by defining models, and on a (semi)automatic construction process driven by model transformations. Our purpose is to address the verification of model transformations which includes, by extension, the verification of their models. We first review the literature on the verification of model transformations to conclude that the heterogeneity we find in the properties of interest to verify, and in the verification approaches, suggests the need of using different logical domains, which is the base of our proposal. In some cases it can be necessary to perform a heterogeneous verification, i.e. using different formalisms for the verification of each part of the whole problem. Moreover, it is useful to allow formal experts to choose the domain in which they are more skilled to address a formal proof. The main problem is that the maintenance of multiple formal representations of the MDE elements in different logical domains, can be expensive if there is no automated assistance or a clear formal relation between these representations. Motivated by this, we define a unified environment that allows formal verification of model transformations using heterogeneous verification approaches, in such a way that the formal translations of the MDE elements between logical domains can be automated. We formally base the environment on the Theory of Institutions, which provides a sound basis for representing MDE elements (as so called institutions) without depending on any specific logical domain. It also provides a way for specifying semantic-preserving translations (as so called comorphisms) from these elements to other logical domains. We use standards for the specification of the MDE elements. In fact, we define an institution for the well-formedness of models specified with a simplified version of the MetaObject Facility, and another institution for Query/View/Transformation Relations transformations. However, the idea can be generalized to other transformation approaches and languages. Finally, we evidence the feasibility of the environment by the development of a functional prototype supported by the Heterogeneous Tool Set (HETS). HETS supports heterogeneous specifications and provides capabilities for monitoring their overall correctness. The MDE elements are connected to the other logics already supported in HETS (e.g. first-order logic, modal logic, among others) through the Common Algebraic Specification Language (CASL). This connection is defined by means of comorphisms from the MDE institutions to the underlying institution of CASL. We carry out a final discussion of the main contributions of this thesis. This results in future research directions which contribute with the adoption of formal tools for the verification in the context of MDE

Fujaba days 2009 : proceedings of the 7th international Fujaba days, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, November 16-17, 2009

Fujaba is an Open Source UML CASE tool project started at the software engineering group of Paderborn University in 1997. In 2002 Fujaba has been redesigned and became the Fujaba Tool Suite with a plug-in architecture allowing developers to add functionality easily while retaining full control over their contributions. Multiple Application Domains Fujaba followed the model-driven development philosophy right from its beginning in 1997. At the early days, Fujaba had a special focus on code generation from UML diagrams resulting in a visual programming language with a special emphasis on object structure manipulating rules. Today, at least six rather independent tool versions are under development in Paderborn, Kassel, and Darmstadt for supporting (1) reengineering, (2) embedded real-time systems, (3) education, (4) specification of distributed control systems, (5) integration with the ECLIPSE platform, and (6) MOF-based integration of system (re-) engineering tools. International Community According to our knowledge, quite a number of research groups have also chosen Fujaba as a platform for UML and MDA related research activities. In addition, quite a number of Fujaba users send requests for more functionality and extensions. Therefore, the 7th International Fujaba Days aimed at bringing together Fujaba developers and Fujaba users from all over the world to present their ideas and projects and to discuss them with each other and with the Fujaba core development team