3D strata visualization in web environment – Review

Nowadays, rapid population growth has caused a high demand of land and stratified property especially in urban areas (big city). In cadastral system, visualization is considered as a tool for reflecting the real world which is commonly drawn in 2-Dimensional (2D) based plan. However, it only works efficiently for land parcel but not in representing strata property (high rise building). The complexity and overlapping boundaries also need to be considered in portraying 3-Dimensional (3D) model which cannot be achieved using only 2D plan. On top of that, the need of providing a 3D visualization platform has been recognised by many researchers worldwide. There have been numbers of 3D Cadastral system prototype being developed for different country such as Australia, Russia and Indonesia. 3D visualization helps enhanced communication between users, improve decision making, and helps to manage and facilitate land information system. This paper therefore seeks to analyse the problems related to the visualisation for the application of strata and the current approach of 3D visualisation. It is carried out by investigating different techniques and methods used in visualising 3D objects. The outcome of this paper would be the solutions in finding suitable visualization tools to be developed via Web-based visualization applications which are common with end users and easily accessible due to advancements in technology

3D Cadastral Data in The Process of Urban Planning

Cadastral data are very important in the process of urban planning. Moreover, cadastral data present a spatial base for urban planning decisions. Over the last few decades, research on 3D cadastres have been performed raising worldwide awareness of the need for 3D cadastral systems. This was driven by the development of new technologies for the acquisition, storage, maintenance, and visualization of 3D data as well as by complex situations in urban areas that cannot be unequivocally registered in 2D based cadastral systems. This paper examines the 3D cadastral data and emphasizes the differences between traditional cadastral data and 3D cadastral data. An overview of 3D cadastral systems was provided, the basic description of 3D cadastre data, and examples of the real situations that traditional cadastral systems cannot handle and unequivocally register. The paper further presents what would be clear benefits for urban planning once the 3D cadastre system is implemented. It is emphasized how important is 3D geometry and data on ownership for underground constructions and utility networks. Conclusions were provided and what needs to be fulfilled to effectively use 3D cadastral data in the process of urban planning

Метод создания коллекций со вложенными документами для баз данных типа ключ-документ с учетом выполняемых запросов

In the recent decades, NoSQL databases have become more popular day by day. And increasingly, developers and database administrators, for whatever reason, have to solve the problems of database migration from a relational model in the model NoSQL databases like the document-oriented database MongoDB database. This article discusses the approach to this migration data based on set theory. A new formal method of determining the optimal runtime searches aggregate collections with the attached documents NoSQL databases such as the key document. The attributes of the database objects are included in optimizing the number of collections and their structures in search queries. The initial data are object properties (attributes, relationships between attributes) on which information is stored in the database, and query the properties that are most often performed, or the speed of which should be maximal. This article discusses the basic types of connections (1-1, 1-M, M-M), typical of the relational model. The proposed method is the following step of the method of creating a collection without embedded documents. The article also provides a method for determining what methods should be used in the reasonable cases to make work with databases more effectively. At the end, this article shows the results of testing of the proposed method on databases with different initial schemes. Experimental results show that the proposed method helps reduce the execution time of queries can also significantly as well as reduce the amount of memory required to store the data in a new database.В последние десятилетия все большую популярность набирают NoSQL базы данных, и все чаще разработчикам и администраторам таких баз по той или иной причине приходится решать задачу миграции баз данных из реляционной модели в модель NoSQL, например документно-ориентированную базу данных MongoDB. Описывается подход к такой миграции данных на основе теории множеств. Предлагаются правила для определения совокупности коллекций со вложенными документами NoSQL базы данных типа ключ-документ, оптимальной по времени выполнения поисковых запросов. Оптимизация числа коллекций и их структуры проводится с учетом атрибутов объектов базы данных, участвующих в поисковых запросах. Исходными данными являются свойства объектов (атрибуты, связи между атрибутами), информация о которых хранится в базе данных, и свойства запросов, которые наиболее часто выполняются или скорость их выполнения максимальна. В правилах учитываются основные типы связей (1-1, 1-М, М-М), свойственные реляционной модели. Рассматриваемая совокупность правил является дополнением к методу создания коллекций без вложенных документов. Также приводится методика для определения, в каких случаях какие методы надо использовать, чтобы сделать работу с базами данных более эффективной. В заключении приведены результаты тестирования предлагаемого метода на базах данных с различными начальными схемами. Результаты экспериментов показывают, что предлагаемый метод помимо сокращения времени выполнения запросов позволяет также значительно сократить объем памяти, необходимый для хранения данных в новой базе данных

Метод создания коллекций со вложенными документами для баз данных типа ключ-документ с учетом выполняемых запросов

В последние десятилетия все большую популярность набирают NoSQL базы данных, и все чаще разработчикам и администраторам таких баз по той или иной причине приходится решать задачу миграции баз данных из реляционной модели в модель NoSQL, например документно-ориентированную базу данных MongoDB. Описывается подход к такой миграции данных на основе теории множеств. Предлагаются правила для определения совокупности коллекций со вложенными документами NoSQL базы данных типа ключ-документ, оптимальной по времени выполнения поисковых запросов. Оптимизация числа коллекций и их структуры проводится с учетом атрибутов объектов базы данных, участвующих в поисковых запросах. Исходными данными являются свойства объектов (атрибуты, связи между атрибутами), информация о которых хранится в базе данных, и свойства запросов, которые наиболее часто выполняются или скорость их выполнения максимальна. В правилах учитываются основные типы связей (1-1, 1-М, М-М), свойственные реляционной модели. Рассматриваемая совокупность правил является дополнением к методу создания коллекций без вложенных документов. Также приводится методика для определения, в каких случаях какие методы надо использовать, чтобы сделать работу с базами данных более эффективной. В заключении приведены результаты тестирования предлагаемого метода на базах данных с различными начальными схемами. Результаты экспериментов показывают, что предлагаемый метод помимо сокращения времени выполнения запросов позволяет также значительно сократить объем памяти, необходимый для хранения данных в новой базе данных

Granularity in visualisation of 3D BIM models design-science approach

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gradually grown into one of the key information management platforms in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry. With the growing amount of information in and outside the digital construction industry, concepts of information retrieval like relevance and granularity have become relevant in this domain. An increased need for interoperability and easy access to information has caused the industry to look towards concepts like the semantic web and linked data. But within all this, the geometrical visualisation, which is an integral part of the BIM process, has lagged behind on the front of granularity and still seems to be done mainly using the conventional ways. We try to explore ways to introduce granularity in the visualisation of 3D BIM models, and connecting it to the semantic information which is already granular, thus creating a mapping between the two at a granular level. A web-based prototype is implemented and analysed as a proof of the presented concept, with the semantics being represented inside a graph-based data structure. We further present a discussion on the potential applications and use cases of the conceptualised framework in the field of construction and building lifecycle management. The work aims to take the first step towards modularising the visualisation process, and has tried to pave the way for detailed analyses and further improvements that may follow in this direction

The Extension of IFC For Supporting 3D Cadastre LADM Geometry

The growth of densely populated urban areas has caused traditional cadastral registration systems to face many difficulties in representing complex and multilevel property situations on 2D maps. These challenges, combined with the rapid development of 3D technologies, have forced the research and progress of 3D cadastre systems. The aim of this study is to investigate how a Building Information Model (BIM) can be used as a data source for the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) based 3D cadastre system, and how that process can be improved. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format and the LADM-based model were selected because both are international open standards that have a significant impact in their own domain. The data sample for the 3D cadastre system was extracted from a BIM model. The paper proposes an IFC format extension which makes it possible to define 3D geometry according to the LADM standard. In order to demonstrate this extension, the West 65 residential and business complex, Belgrade, was selected as a case study. The IFC format extension presented here is a step towards data harmonization between BIM in the IFC format and 3D cadastre systems; it should provide more suitable data in the current IFC schema and enable easy data flow between BIM projects and 3D cadastral data

New Generation Platforms for Exploration of Crowdsourced Geo-Data

This chapter addresses two recent topics in the field of geo-information, the former more technological and the latter more scientific. On one side, there is an emerging trend of visualizing data and their changes in space and time through multidimensional geospatial clients and/or virtual globes. In the most advanced cases, these are not simply plain viewers but also allow analysis of the data by acting as “multidimensional intelligent geo-viewers”. On the other side, citizen science is providing a great momentum to the possibility of lay people taking part in scientific development. It is a new, citizen-centred paradigm which, in most cases, takes advantage of the individual and collective augmented capability of sensing the surrounding world through the sensors that we wear. The “citizen sensors” will consciously contribute to this development, either through volunteered geographic information or by being themselves an unconscious part of the data analytics, which makes use of geo-crowdsourced data to extract information in order to create a higher level understanding of natural and manmade phenomena. This chapter seeks to outline the Web technological solutions for visualizing and analyzing such data, through a summary of the current state of the art and the original applications developed by the authors