Text-detection and -recognition from natural images

Text detection and recognition from images could have numerous functional applications for document analysis, such as assistance for visually impaired people; recognition of vehicle license plates; evaluation of articles containing tables, street signs, maps, and diagrams; keyword-based image exploration; document retrieval; recognition of parts within industrial automation; content-based extraction; object recognition; address block location; and text-based video indexing. This research exploited the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect and recognise text from natural images. Machine learning and deep learning were used to accomplish this task.In this research, we conducted an in-depth literature review on the current detection and recognition methods used by researchers to identify the existing challenges, wherein the differences in text resulting from disparity in alignment, style, size, and orientation combined with low image contrast and a complex background make automatic text extraction a considerably challenging and problematic task. Therefore, the state-of-the-art suggested approaches obtain low detection rates (often less than 80%) and recognition rates (often less than 60%). This has led to the development of new approaches. The aim of the study was to develop a robust text detection and recognition method from natural images with high accuracy and recall, which would be used as the target of the experiments. This method could detect all the text in the scene images, despite certain specific features associated with the text pattern. Furthermore, we aimed to find a solution to the two main problems concerning arbitrarily shaped text (horizontal, multi-oriented, and curved text) detection and recognition in a low-resolution scene and with various scales and of different sizes.In this research, we propose a methodology to handle the problem of text detection by using novel combination and selection features to deal with the classification algorithms of the text/non-text regions. The text-region candidates were extracted from the grey-scale images by using the MSER technique. A machine learning-based method was then applied to refine and validate the initial detection. The effectiveness of the features based on the aspect ratio, GLCM, LBP, and HOG descriptors was investigated. The text-region classifiers of MLP, SVM, and RF were trained using selections of these features and their combinations. The publicly available datasets ICDAR 2003 and ICDAR 2011 were used to evaluate the proposed method. This method achieved the state-of-the-art performance by using machine learning methodologies on both databases, and the improvements were significant in terms of Precision, Recall, and F-measure. The F-measure for ICDAR 2003 and ICDAR 2011 was 81% and 84%, respectively. The results showed that the use of a suitable feature combination and selection approach could significantly increase the accuracy of the algorithms.A new dataset has been proposed to fill the gap of character-level annotation and the availability of text in different orientations and of curved text. The proposed dataset was created particularly for deep learning methods which require a massive completed and varying range of training data. The proposed dataset includes 2,100 images annotated at the character and word levels to obtain 38,500 samples of English characters and 12,500 words. Furthermore, an augmentation tool has been proposed to support the proposed dataset. The missing of object detection augmentation tool encroach to proposed tool which has the ability to update the position of bounding boxes after applying transformations on images. This technique helps to increase the number of samples in the dataset and reduce the time of annotations where no annotation is required. The final part of the thesis presents a novel approach for text spotting, which is a new framework for an end-to-end character detection and recognition system designed using an improved SSD convolutional neural network, wherein layers are added to the SSD networks and the aspect ratio of the characters is considered because it is different from that of the other objects. Compared with the other methods considered, the proposed method could detect and recognise characters by training the end-to-end model completely. The performance of the proposed method was better on the proposed dataset; it was 90.34. Furthermore, the F-measure of the method’s accuracy on ICDAR 2015, ICDAR 2013, and SVT was 84.5, 91.9, and 54.8, respectively. On ICDAR13, the method achieved the second-best accuracy. The proposed method could spot text in arbitrarily shaped (horizontal, oriented, and curved) scene text.</div

Advances in Image Processing, Analysis and Recognition Technology

For many decades, researchers have been trying to make computers’ analysis of images as effective as the system of human vision is. For this purpose, many algorithms and systems have previously been created. The whole process covers various stages, including image processing, representation and recognition. The results of this work can be applied to many computer-assisted areas of everyday life. They improve particular activities and provide handy tools, which are sometimes only for entertainment, but quite often, they significantly increase our safety. In fact, the practical implementation of image processing algorithms is particularly wide. Moreover, the rapid growth of computational complexity and computer efficiency has allowed for the development of more sophisticated and effective algorithms and tools. Although significant progress has been made so far, many issues still remain, resulting in the need for the development of novel approaches

Relating Multimodal Imagery Data in 3D

This research develops and improves the fundamental mathematical approaches and techniques required to relate imagery and imagery derived multimodal products in 3D. Image registration, in a 2D sense, will always be limited by the 3D effects of viewing geometry on the target. Therefore, effects such as occlusion, parallax, shadowing, and terrain/building elevation can often be mitigated with even a modest amounts of 3D target modeling. Additionally, the imaged scene may appear radically different based on the sensed modality of interest; this is evident from the differences in visible, infrared, polarimetric, and radar imagery of the same site. This thesis develops a `model-centric\u27 approach to relating multimodal imagery in a 3D environment. By correctly modeling a site of interest, both geometrically and physically, it is possible to remove/mitigate some of the most difficult challenges associated with multimodal image registration. In order to accomplish this feat, the mathematical framework necessary to relate imagery to geometric models is thoroughly examined. Since geometric models may need to be generated to apply this `model-centric\u27 approach, this research develops methods to derive 3D models from imagery and LIDAR data. Of critical note, is the implementation of complimentary techniques for relating multimodal imagery that utilize the geometric model in concert with physics based modeling to simulate scene appearance under diverse imaging scenarios. Finally, the often neglected final phase of mapping localized image registration results back to the world coordinate system model for final data archival are addressed. In short, once a target site is properly modeled, both geometrically and physically, it is possible to orient the 3D model to the same viewing perspective as a captured image to enable proper registration. If done accurately, the synthetic model\u27s physical appearance can simulate the imaged modality of interest while simultaneously removing the 3-D ambiguity between the model and the captured image. Once registered, the captured image can then be archived as a texture map on the geometric site model. In this way, the 3D information that was lost when the image was acquired can be regained and properly related with other datasets for data fusion and analysis

Visual scene recognition with biologically relevant generative models

This research focuses on developing visual object categorization methodologies that are based on machine learning techniques and biologically inspired generative models of visual scene recognition. Modelling the statistical variability in visual patterns, in the space of features extracted from them by an appropriate low level signal processing technique, is an important matter of investigation for both humans and machines. To study this problem, we have examined in detail two recent probabilistic models of vision: a simple multivariate Gaussian model as suggested by (Karklin &amp; Lewicki, 2009) and a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) proposed by (Hinton, 2002). Both the models have been widely used for visual object classification and scene analysis tasks before. This research highlights that these models on their own are not plausible enough to perform the classification task, and suggests Fisher kernel as a means of inducing discrimination into these models for classification power. Our empirical results on standard benchmark data sets reveal that the classification performance of these generative models could be significantly boosted near to the state of the art performance, by drawing a Fisher kernel from compact generative models that computes the data labels in a fraction of total computation time. We compare the proposed technique with other distance based and kernel based classifiers to show how computationally efficient the Fisher kernels are. To the best of our knowledge, Fisher kernel has not been drawn from the RBM before, so the work presented in the thesis is novel in terms of its idea and application to vision problem

Applied Deep Learning: Case Studies in Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing

Deep learning has proved to be successful for many computer vision and natural language processing applications. In this dissertation, three studies have been conducted to show the efficacy of deep learning models for computer vision and natural language processing. In the first study, an efficient deep learning model was proposed for seagrass scar detection in multispectral images which produced robust, accurate scars mappings. In the second study, an arithmetic deep learning model was developed to fuse multi-spectral images collected at different times with different resolutions to generate high-resolution images for downstream tasks including change detection, object detection, and land cover classification. In addition, a super-resolution deep model was implemented to further enhance remote sensing images. In the third study, a deep learning-based framework was proposed for fact-checking on social media to spot fake scientific news. The framework leveraged deep learning, information retrieval, and natural language processing techniques to retrieve pertinent scholarly papers for given scientific news and evaluate the credibility of the news

Proceedings of the 2011 Joint Workshop of Fraunhofer IOSB and Institute for Anthropomatics, Vision and Fusion Laboratory

This book is a collection of 15 reviewed technical reports summarizing the presentations at the 2011 Joint Workshop of Fraunhofer IOSB and Institute for Anthropomatics, Vision and Fusion Laboratory. The covered topics include image processing, optical signal processing, visual inspection, pattern recognition and classification, human-machine interaction, world and situation modeling, autonomous system localization and mapping, information fusion, and trust propagation in sensor networks

Pattern Recognition

A wealth of advanced pattern recognition algorithms are emerging from the interdiscipline between technologies of effective visual features and the human-brain cognition process. Effective visual features are made possible through the rapid developments in appropriate sensor equipments, novel filter designs, and viable information processing architectures. While the understanding of human-brain cognition process broadens the way in which the computer can perform pattern recognition tasks. The present book is intended to collect representative researches around the globe focusing on low-level vision, filter design, features and image descriptors, data mining and analysis, and biologically inspired algorithms. The 27 chapters coved in this book disclose recent advances and new ideas in promoting the techniques, technology and applications of pattern recognition

Um estudo comparativo das abordagens de detecção e reconhecimento de texto para cenários de computação restrita

Orientadores: Ricardo da Silva Torres, Allan da Silva PintoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Textos são elementos fundamentais para uma efetiva comunicação em nosso cotidiano. A mobilidade de pessoas e veículos em ambientes urbanos e a busca por um produto de interesse em uma prateleira de supermercado são exemplos de atividades em que o entendimento dos elementos textuais presentes no ambiente são essenciais para a execução da tarefa. Recentemente, diversos avanços na área de visão computacional têm sido reportados na literatura, com o desenvolvimento de algoritmos e métodos que objetivam reconhecer objetos e textos em cenas. Entretanto, a detecção e reconhecimento de textos são problemas considerados em aberto devido a diversos fatores que atuam como fontes de variabilidades durante a geração e captura de textos em cenas, o que podem impactar as taxas de detecção e reconhecimento de maneira significativa. Exemplo destes fatores incluem diferentes formas dos elementos textuais (e.g., circular ou em linha curva), estilos e tamanhos da fonte, textura, cor, variação de brilho e contraste, entre outros. Além disso, os recentes métodos considerados estado-da-arte, baseados em aprendizagem profunda, demandam altos custos de processamento computacional, o que dificulta a utilização de tais métodos em cenários de computação restritiva. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo comparativo de técnicas de detecção e reconhecimento de texto, considerando tanto os métodos baseados em aprendizado profundo quanto os métodos que utilizam algoritmos clássicos de aprendizado de máquina. Esta dissertação também apresenta um método de fusão de caixas delimitadoras, baseado em programação genética (GP), desenvolvido para atuar tanto como uma etapa de pós-processamento, posterior a etapa de detecção, quanto para explorar a complementariedade dos algoritmos de detecção de texto investigados nesta dissertação. De acordo com o estudo comparativo apresentado neste trabalho, os métodos baseados em aprendizagem profunda são mais eficazes e menos eficientes, em comparação com os métodos clássicos da literatura e considerando as métricas adotadas. Além disso, o algoritmo de fusão proposto foi capaz de aprender informações complementares entre os métodos investigados nesta dissertação, o que resultou em uma melhora das taxas de precisão e revocação. Os experimentos foram conduzidos considerando os problemas de detecção de textos horizontais, verticais e de orientação arbitráriaAbstract: Texts are fundamental elements for effective communication in our daily lives. The mobility of people and vehicles in urban environments and the search for a product of interest on a supermarket shelf are examples of activities in which the understanding of the textual elements present in the environment is essential to succeed in such tasks. Recently, several advances in computer vision have been reported in the literature, with the development of algorithms and methods that aim to recognize objects and texts in scenes. However, text detection and recognition are still open problems due to several factors that act as sources of variability during scene text generation and capture, which can significantly impact detection and recognition rates of current algorithms. Examples of these factors include different shapes of textual elements (e.g., circular or curved), font styles and sizes, texture, color, brightness and contrast variation, among others. Besides, recent state-of-the-art methods based on deep learning demand high computational processing costs, which difficult their use in restricted computing scenarios. This dissertation presents a comparative study of text detection and recognition techniques, considering methods based on deep learning and methods that use classical machine learning algorithms. This dissertation also presents an algorithm for fusing bounding boxes, based on genetic programming (GP), developed to act as a post-processing step for a single text detector and to explore the complementarity of text detection algorithms investigated in this dissertation. According to the comparative study presented in this work, the methods based on deep learning are more effective and less efficient, in comparison to classic methods for text detection investigated in this work, considering the adopted metrics. Furthermore, the proposed GP-based fusion algorithm was able to learn complementary information from the methods investigated in this dissertation, which resulted in an improvement of precision and recall rates. The experiments were conducted considering text detection problems involving horizontal, vertical and arbitrary orientationsMestradoCiência da ComputaçãoMestre em Ciência da ComputaçãoCAPE