616 research outputs found
Třídy Booleovských formulí s efektivně řešitelným SATem
The thesis studies classes of Boolean formulae for which the well-known satisfiability problem is solvable in polynomially bounded time. It focusses on classes based on unit resolution; it describe classes of unit refutation complete formulae, unit propagation complete formulae and focuses on the class of SLUR formulae. It presents properties of SLUR formulae as well as the recently obtained results. The main result is the coNP-completness of membership testing. Finally, several hierarchies are built over the SLUR class and their properties and mutual relations are studied. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)Práce studuje třídy booleovkských formulí pro které je problém splnitelnosti řešitelný v polynomiálním čase. Zaměřuje se na třídy založené jednotkové rezoluci; popisuje třídy unit refutation complete formulí, unit propagation complete formulí a specialně se zaměřuje na třídu SLUR. Shrnuje její vlastnosti a poslední výsledky dosažené v této oblasti. Hlavním výsledkem je coNP-úplnost testování zda daná formule patří do třídy SLUR. V závěru je třída SLUR rozvinuta do několika různých hierarchií a jsou studovány jejich vlastnosti a vzájemný vztah vzhledem k inkluzi. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)Katedra teoretické informatiky a matematické logikyDepartment of Theoretical Computer Science and Mathematical LogicFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult
Linear and Second-order Optical Response of the III-V Mono-layer Superlattices
We report the first fully self-consistent calculations of the nonlinear
optical properties of superlattices. The materials investigated are mono-layer
superlattices with GaP grown on the the top of InP, AlP and GaAs (110)
substrates. We use the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method
within the generalized gradient approximation to obtain the frequency dependent
dielectric tensor and the second-harmonic-generation susceptibility. The effect
of lattice relaxations on the linear optical properties are studied. Our
calculations show that the major anisotropy in the optical properties is the
result of strain in GaP. This anisotropy is maximum for the superlattice with
maximum lattice mismatch between the constituent materials. In order to
differentiate the superlattice features from the bulk-like transitions an
improvement over the existing effective medium model is proposed. The
superlattice features are found to be more pronounced for the second-order than
the linear optical response indicating the need for full supercell calculations
in determining the correct second-order response.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phy. Rev.
Trading inference effort versus size in CNF Knowledge Compilation
Knowledge Compilation (KC) studies compilation of boolean functions f into
some formalism F, which allows to answer all queries of a certain kind in
polynomial time. Due to its relevance for SAT solving, we concentrate on the
query type "clausal entailment" (CE), i.e., whether a clause C follows from f
or not, and we consider subclasses of CNF, i.e., clause-sets F with special
properties. In this report we do not allow auxiliary variables (except of the
Outlook), and thus F needs to be equivalent to f.
We consider the hierarchies UC_k <= WC_k, which were introduced by the
authors in 2012. Each level allows CE queries. The first two levels are
well-known classes for KC. Namely UC_0 = WC_0 is the same as PI as studied in
KC, that is, f is represented by the set of all prime implicates, while UC_1 =
WC_1 is the same as UC, the class of unit-refutation complete clause-sets
introduced by del Val 1994. We show that for each k there are (sequences of)
boolean functions with polysize representations in UC_{k+1}, but with an
exponential lower bound on representations in WC_k. Such a separation was
previously only know for k=0. We also consider PC < UC, the class of
propagation-complete clause-sets. We show that there are (sequences of) boolean
functions with polysize representations in UC, while there is an exponential
lower bound for representations in PC. These separations are steps towards a
general conjecture determining the representation power of the hierarchies PC_k
< UC_k <= WC_k. The strong form of this conjecture also allows auxiliary
variables, as discussed in depth in the Outlook.Comment: 43 pages, second version with literature updates. Proceeds with the
separation results from the discontinued arXiv:1302.442
On SAT representations of XOR constraints
We study the representation of systems S of linear equations over the
two-element field (aka xor- or parity-constraints) via conjunctive normal forms
F (boolean clause-sets). First we consider the problem of finding an
"arc-consistent" representation ("AC"), meaning that unit-clause propagation
will fix all forced assignments for all possible instantiations of the
xor-variables. Our main negative result is that there is no polysize
AC-representation in general. On the positive side we show that finding such an
AC-representation is fixed-parameter tractable (fpt) in the number of
equations. Then we turn to a stronger criterion of representation, namely
propagation completeness ("PC") --- while AC only covers the variables of S,
now all the variables in F (the variables in S plus auxiliary variables) are
considered for PC. We show that the standard translation actually yields a PC
representation for one equation, but fails so for two equations (in fact
arbitrarily badly). We show that with a more intelligent translation we can
also easily compute a translation to PC for two equations. We conjecture that
computing a representation in PC is fpt in the number of equations.Comment: 39 pages; 2nd v. improved handling of acyclic systems, free-standing
proof of the transformation from AC-representations to monotone circuits,
improved wording and literature review; 3rd v. updated literature,
strengthened treatment of monotonisation, improved discussions; 4th v. update
of literature, discussions and formulations, more details and examples;
conference v. to appear LATA 201
Generalising unit-refutation completeness and SLUR via nested input resolution
We introduce two hierarchies of clause-sets, SLUR_k and UC_k, based on the
classes SLUR (Single Lookahead Unit Refutation), introduced in 1995, and UC
(Unit refutation Complete), introduced in 1994.
The class SLUR, introduced in [Annexstein et al, 1995], is the class of
clause-sets for which unit-clause-propagation (denoted by r_1) detects
unsatisfiability, or where otherwise iterative assignment, avoiding obviously
false assignments by look-ahead, always yields a satisfying assignment. It is
natural to consider how to form a hierarchy based on SLUR. Such investigations
were started in [Cepek et al, 2012] and [Balyo et al, 2012]. We present what we
consider the "limit hierarchy" SLUR_k, based on generalising r_1 by r_k, that
is, using generalised unit-clause-propagation introduced in [Kullmann, 1999,
2004].
The class UC, studied in [Del Val, 1994], is the class of Unit refutation
Complete clause-sets, that is, those clause-sets for which unsatisfiability is
decidable by r_1 under any falsifying assignment. For unsatisfiable clause-sets
F, the minimum k such that r_k determines unsatisfiability of F is exactly the
"hardness" of F, as introduced in [Ku 99, 04]. For satisfiable F we use now an
extension mentioned in [Ansotegui et al, 2008]: The hardness is the minimum k
such that after application of any falsifying partial assignments, r_k
determines unsatisfiability. The class UC_k is given by the clause-sets which
have hardness <= k. We observe that UC_1 is exactly UC.
UC_k has a proof-theoretic character, due to the relations between hardness
and tree-resolution, while SLUR_k has an algorithmic character. The
correspondence between r_k and k-times nested input resolution (or tree
resolution using clause-space k+1) means that r_k has a dual nature: both
algorithmic and proof theoretic. This corresponds to a basic result of this
paper, namely SLUR_k = UC_k.Comment: 41 pages; second version improved formulations and added examples,
and more details regarding future directions, third version further examples,
improved and extended explanations, and more on SLUR, fourth version various
additional remarks and editorial improvements, fifth version more
explanations and references, typos corrected, improved wordin
Hardness measures and resolution lower bounds
Various "hardness" measures have been studied for resolution, providing
theoretical insight into the proof complexity of resolution and its fragments,
as well as explanations for the hardness of instances in SAT solving. In this
report we aim at a unified view of a number of hardness measures, including
different measures of width, space and size of resolution proofs. We also
extend these measures to all clause-sets (possibly satisfiable).Comment: 43 pages, preliminary version (yet the application part is only
sketched, with proofs missing
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