283,538 research outputs found
Undecidability of Multiplicative Subexponential Logic
Subexponential logic is a variant of linear logic with a family of
exponential connectives--called subexponentials--that are indexed and arranged
in a pre-order. Each subexponential has or lacks associated structural
properties of weakening and contraction. We show that classical propositional
multiplicative linear logic extended with one unrestricted and two incomparable
linear subexponentials can encode the halting problem for two register Minsky
machines, and is hence undecidable.Comment: In Proceedings LINEARITY 2014, arXiv:1502.0441
Strong Turing Degrees for Additive BSS RAM's
For the additive real BSS machines using only constants 0 and 1 and order
tests we consider the corresponding Turing reducibility and characterize some
semi-decidable decision problems over the reals. In order to refine,
step-by-step, a linear hierarchy of Turing degrees with respect to this model,
we define several halting problems for classes of additive machines with
different abilities and construct further suitable decision problems. In the
construction we use methods of the classical recursion theory as well as
techniques for proving bounds resulting from algebraic properties. In this way
we extend a known hierarchy of problems below the halting problem for the
additive machines using only equality tests and we present a further
subhierarchy of semi-decidable problems between the halting problems for the
additive machines using only equality tests and using order tests,
respectively
A Strong Distillery
Abstract machines for the strong evaluation of lambda-terms (that is, under
abstractions) are a mostly neglected topic, despite their use in the
implementation of proof assistants and higher-order logic programming
languages. This paper introduces a machine for the simplest form of strong
evaluation, leftmost-outermost (call-by-name) evaluation to normal form,
proving it correct, complete, and bounding its overhead. Such a machine, deemed
Strong Milner Abstract Machine, is a variant of the KAM computing normal forms
and using just one global environment. Its properties are studied via a special
form of decoding, called a distillation, into the Linear Substitution Calculus,
neatly reformulating the machine as a standard micro-step strategy for explicit
substitutions, namely linear leftmost-outermost reduction, i.e., the extension
to normal form of linear head reduction. Additionally, the overhead of the
machine is shown to be linear both in the number of steps and in the size of
the initial term, validating its design. The study highlights two distinguished
features of strong machines, namely backtracking phases and their interactions
with abstractions and environments.Comment: Accepted at APLAS 201
Managing LTL properties in Event-B refinement
Refinement in Event-B supports the development of systems via proof based
step-wise refinement of events. This refinement approach ensures safety
properties are preserved, but additional reasoning is required in order to
establish liveness and fairness properties.
In this paper we present results which allow a closer integration of two
formal methods, Event-B and linear temporal logic. In particular we show how a
class of temporal logic properties can carry through a refinement chain of
machines. Refinement steps can include introduction of new events, event
renaming and event splitting. We also identify a general liveness property that
holds for the events of the initial system of a refinement chain. The approach
will aid developers in enabling them to verify linear temporal logic properties
at early stages of a development, knowing they will be preserved at later
stages. We illustrate the results via a simple case study
GPstruct: Bayesian structured prediction using Gaussian processes
We introduce a conceptually novel structured prediction model, GPstruct, which is kernelized, non-parametric and Bayesian, by design. We motivate the model with respect to existing approaches, among others, conditional random fields (CRFs), maximum margin Markov networks (M ^3 N), and structured support vector machines (SVMstruct), which embody only a subset of its properties. We present an inference procedure based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo. The framework can be instantiated for a wide range of structured objects such as linear chains, trees, grids, and other general graphs. As a proof of concept, the model is benchmarked on several natural language processing tasks and a video gesture segmentation task involving a linear chain structure. We show prediction accuracies for GPstruct which are comparable to or exceeding those of CRFs and SVMstruct
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