Thunderstorms, lightning, sprites and magnetospheric whistler-mode radio waves

Thunderstorms and the lightning that they produce are inherently interesting phenomena that have intrigued scientists and mankind in general for many years. The study of thunderstorms has rapidly advanced during the past century and many efforts have been made towards understanding lightning, thunderstorms and their consequences. Recent observations of optical phenomena above an active lightning discharge along with the availability of modern technology both for data collection and data analysis have renewed interest in the field of thunderstorms and their consequences in the biosphere. In this paper, we review the electrification processes of a thunderstorm, lightning processes and their association with global electric circuit and climate. The upward lightning discharge can cause sprites, elves, jets, etc. which are together called transient luminous events. Their morphological features and effects in the mesosphere are reviewed. The wide spectrum of electromagnetic waves generated during lightning discharges couple the lower atmosphere with the ionosphere/ magnetosphere. Hence various features of these waves from ULF to VHF are reviewed with reference to recent results and their consequences are also briefly discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009

The electric field strength above atmospheric surface duct

The paper presents a method which allows the calculation of the atmospheric distortion of radar pules, provided that the influence of the atmosphere is to transfer the transmitted signal through a duct. The polarization of the primary sources, whose moment varies arbitrarily in time, is chosen in such a way that it allows the exact determination of the electric field strength at some field point above the duct layer. We can determinate the transient behavior of the electric field strength at any distance above the duct. Keywords: Electromagnetic field; Atmospheric surface duc

The Transient Electromagnetic Field above Atmospheric Surface Duct

The transient electromagnetic field generated by vertical electric dipole in evaluation duct is investigated theoretically. A vertical electric dipole in the surface layer is taken as the source of the electromagnetic field. We determine the electric field strength exactly at some fixed point in the duct layer expansion with time, the image of the primary source permits us to apply the method first for Cagnaird and later extended by De Hoop and Frankena to the cases .Hence, we can give a physically intuitive description of polarization dependence at the time of the electrical field strength. The distinction of different cases where the distances between the receiving and transmitting ends at greater or lesser than the total reflection distance is studied. Keywords: Electromagnetic field, Magnetic dipol

The Transient Electromagnetic Field above Atmospheric Surface Duct

The transient electromagnetic field generated by vertical electric dipole in evaluation duct is investigated theoretically. A vertical electric dipole in the surface layer is taken as the source of the electromagnetic field. We determine the electric field strength exactly at some fixed point in the duct layer expansion with time, the image of the primary source permits us to apply the method first for Cagnaird and later extended by De Hoop and Frankena to the cases .Hence, we can give a physically intuitive description of polarization dependence at the time of the electrical field strength. The distinction of different cases where the distances between the receiving and transmitting ends at greater or lesser than the total reflection distance is studied. Keywords: Electromagnetic field, Magnetic dipol

The response of a vertical dipole above a conducting earth

An exact representation for the electromagnetic field above a conducting earth is investigated theoretically. The time domain response of a vertical magnetic dipole above a conducting half-space is of a crucial importance in the interpretation of air borne electromagnetic data. The classical approach in finding a solution is to apply Fourier inversion to the formal time harmonic solution, leading to a representation in the form of a double infinite integral.   Keywords: electromagnetic field, anisotropic and isotropic   

Anthropogenic Space Weather

Anthropogenic effects on the space environment started in the late 19th century and reached their peak in the 1960s when high-altitude nuclear explosions were carried out by the USA and the Soviet Union. These explosions created artificial radiation belts near Earth that resulted in major damages to several satellites. Another, unexpected impact of the high-altitude nuclear tests was the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that can have devastating effects over a large geographic area (as large as the continental United States). Other anthropogenic impacts on the space environment include chemical release ex- periments, high-frequency wave heating of the ionosphere and the interaction of VLF waves with the radiation belts. This paper reviews the fundamental physical process behind these phenomena and discusses the observations of their impacts.Comment: 71 pages, 35 figure

Characterization of causes of signal phase and frequency instability Final report

Characteristic instabilities in phase and frequency errors of reference oscillator

Spacecraft Dynamics as Related to Laboratory Experiments in Space

Proceedings are presented of a conference sponsored by the Physics and Chemistry Experiments in Space Working Group to discuss the scientific and engineering aspects involved in the design and performance of reduced to zero gravity experiments affected by spacecraft environments and dynamics. The dynamics of drops, geophysical fluids, and superfluid helium are considered as well as two phase flow, combustion, and heat transfer. Interactions between spacecraft motions and the atmospheric cloud physics laboratory experiments are also examined