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3-D Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Mapping of Arteries to Detect Metabolically Active but Angiographically Invisible Atherosclerotic Lesions
We designed a novel 6-point electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensor with 15 combinations of permutations for the 3-D mapping and detection of metabolically active atherosclerotic lesions. Two rows of 3 stretchable electrodes circumferentially separated by 120° were mounted on an inflatable balloon for intravascular deployment and endoluminal interrogation. The configuration and 15 permutations of 2-point EIS electrodes allowed for deep arterial penetration via alternating current (AC) to detect varying degrees of lipid burden with distinct impedance profiles (Ω). By virtue of the distinctive impedimetric signature of metabolically active atherosclerotic lesions, a detailed impedance map was acquired, with the 15 EIS permutations uncovering early stages of disease characterized by fatty streak lipid accumulation in the New Zealand White rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Both the equivalent circuit and statistical analyses corroborated the 3-D EIS permutations to detect small, angiographically invisible, lipid-rich lesions, with translational implications for early atherosclerotic disease detection and prevention of acute coronary syndromes or strokes
Testing the Accuracy of Eukaryotic Phylogenetic Profiles for Prediction of Biological Function
A phylogenetic profile captures the pattern of gene gain and loss throughout evolutionary time. Proteins that interact directly or indirectly within the cell to perform a biological function will often co-evolve, and this co-evolution should be well reflected within their phylogenetic profiles. Thus similar phylogenetic profiles are commonly used for grouping proteins into functional groups. However, it remains unclear how the size and content of the phylogenetic profile impacts the ability to predict function, particularly in Eukaryotes. Here we developed a straightforward approach to address this question by constructing a complete set of phylogenetic profiles for 31 fully sequenced Eukaryotes. Using Gene Ontology as our gold standard, we compared the accuracy of functional predictions made by a comprehensive array of permutations on the complete set of genomes. Our permutations showed that phylogenetic profiles containing between 25 and 31 Eukaryotic genomes performed equally well and significantly better than all other permuted genome sets, with one exception: we uncovered a core of group of 18 genomes that achieved statistically identical accuracy. This core group contained genomes from each branch of the eukaryotic phylogeny, but also contained several groups of closely related organisms, suggesting that a balance between phylogenetic breadth and depth may improve our ability to use Eukaryotic specific phylogenetic profiles for functional annotations
MinMax-Profiles: A Unifying View of Common Intervals, Nested Common Intervals and Conserved Intervals of K Permutations
Common intervals of K permutations over the same set of n elements were
firstly investigated by T. Uno and M.Yagiura (Algorithmica, 26:290:309, 2000),
who proposed an efficient algorithm to find common intervals when K=2. Several
particular classes of intervals have been defined since then, e.g. conserved
intervals and nested common intervals, with applications mainly in genome
comparison. Each such class, including common intervals, led to the development
of a specific algorithmic approach for K=2, and - except for nested common
intervals - for its extension to an arbitrary K.
In this paper, we propose a common and efficient algorithmic framework for
finding different types of common intervals in a set P of K permutations, with
arbitrary K. Our generic algorithm is based on a global representation of the
information stored in P, called the MinMax-profile of P, and an efficient data
structure, called an LR-stack, that we introduce here. We show that common
intervals (and their subclasses of irreducible common intervals and same-sign
common intervals), nested common intervals (and their subclass of maximal
nested common intervals) as well as conserved intervals (and their subclass of
irreducible conserved intervals) may be obtained by appropriately setting the
parameters of our algorithm in each case. All the resulting algorithms run in
O(Kn+N)-time and need O(n) additional space, where N is the number of
solutions. The algorithms for nested common intervals and maximal nested common
intervals are new for K>2, in the sense that no other algorithm has been given
so far to solve the problem with the same complexity, or better. The other
algorithms are as efficient as the best known algorithms.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figure
A geometric interpretation of the permutation -value and its application in eQTL studies
Permutation -values have been widely used to assess the significance of
linkage or association in genetic studies. However, the application in
large-scale studies is hindered by a heavy computational burden. We propose a
geometric interpretation of permutation -values, and based on this geometric
interpretation, we develop an efficient permutation -value estimation method
in the context of regression with binary predictors. An application to a study
of gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) shows that our method
provides reliable estimates of permutation -values while requiring less than
5% of the computational time compared with direct permutations. In fact, our
method takes a constant time to estimate permutation -values, no matter how
small the -value. Our method enables a study of the relationship between
nominal -values and permutation -values in a wide range, and provides a
geometric perspective on the effective number of independent tests.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-AOAS298 the Annals of
Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
A permutation code preserving a double Eulerian bistatistic
Visontai conjectured in 2013 that the joint distribution of ascent and
distinct nonzero value numbers on the set of subexcedant sequences is the same
as that of descent and inverse descent numbers on the set of permutations. This
conjecture has been proved by Aas in 2014, and the generating function of the
corresponding bistatistics is the double Eulerian polynomial. Among the
techniques used by Aas are the M\"obius inversion formula and isomorphism of
labeled rooted trees. In this paper we define a permutation code (that is, a
bijection between permutations and subexcedant sequences) and show the more
general result that two -tuples of set-valued statistics on the set of
permutations and on the set of subexcedant sequences, respectively, are
equidistributed. In particular, these results give a bijective proof of
Visontai's conjecture
Computing the Rank Profile Matrix
The row (resp. column) rank profile of a matrix describes the staircase shape
of its row (resp. column) echelon form. In an ISSAC'13 paper, we proposed a
recursive Gaussian elimination that can compute simultaneously the row and
column rank profiles of a matrix as well as those of all of its leading
sub-matrices, in the same time as state of the art Gaussian elimination
algorithms. Here we first study the conditions making a Gaus-sian elimination
algorithm reveal this information. Therefore, we propose the definition of a
new matrix invariant, the rank profile matrix, summarizing all information on
the row and column rank profiles of all the leading sub-matrices. We also
explore the conditions for a Gaussian elimination algorithm to compute all or
part of this invariant, through the corresponding PLUQ decomposition. As a
consequence, we show that the classical iterative CUP decomposition algorithm
can actually be adapted to compute the rank profile matrix. Used, in a Crout
variant, as a base-case to our ISSAC'13 implementation, it delivers a
significant improvement in efficiency. Second, the row (resp. column) echelon
form of a matrix are usually computed via different dedicated triangular
decompositions. We show here that, from some PLUQ decompositions, it is
possible to recover the row and column echelon forms of a matrix and of any of
its leading sub-matrices thanks to an elementary post-processing algorithm
Cardinality of Rauzy classes
Rauzy classes define a partition of the set of irreducible (or
indecomposable) permutations. They were defined by G. Rauzy as part of an
induction algorithm for interval exchange transformations. In this article we
prove an explicit formula for the cardinality of all Rauzy classes.Comment: 43 pages, 22 figure
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