Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) has been jointly coordinated by Working Groups I (WGI) and II (WGII) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The report focuses on the relationship between climate change and extreme weather and climate events, the impacts of such events, and the strategies to manage the associated risks. The IPCC was jointly established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in particular to assess in a comprehensive, objective, and transparent manner all the relevant scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information to contribute in understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, the potential impacts, and the adaptation and mitigation options. Beginning in 1990, the IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports, Special Reports, Technical Papers, methodologies, and other key documents which have since become the standard references for policymakers and scientists.This Special Report, in particular, contributes to frame the challenge of dealing with extreme weather and climate events as an issue in decisionmaking under uncertainty, analyzing response in the context of risk management. The report consists of nine chapters, covering risk management; observed and projected changes in extreme weather and climate events; exposure and vulnerability to as well as losses resulting from such events; adaptation options from the local to the international scale; the role of sustainable development in modulating risks; and insights from specific case studies

Emoji Company GmbH v Schedule A Defendants

Declaration of Dean Eric Goldma

Emoji Company GmbH v Schedule A Defendants

Declaration of Dean Eric Goldma

The Papers of Professor Emeritus Jerome Krase

Jerome Krase, professor of sociology at Brooklyn College from 1970-2003 and chair of the sociology department twice, taught classes in urban sociology, inter-ethnic group relations and introductory courses. For three decades, he worked as a community activist-scholar and was a student of ordinary urban neighborhood life by lecturing, giving photographic exhibitions, and writing for alternative newspapers. He lectured and did research at Universities of Perugia, Pisa, Trento, and Trieste. Dr Krase was a visiting professor at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and the University of Rome, La Sapienza. He retired from Brooklyn College in Spring 2003

Annual Report Of Research and Creative Productions, January to December, 2011

2011 Annual Report of Research and Creative Productions, Morehead State University, Division of Academic Affairs, Research and Creative Productions Committee

Annual Report Of Research and Creative Productions, January to December, 2011

2011 Annual Report of Research and Creative Productions, Morehead State University, Division of Academic Affairs, Research and Creative Productions Committee

Car Safety for Children Aged 4-12 : real world evaluations of long-term injury outcome, head injury causation scenarios, misuse, and pre-crash maneuver kinematics

Child casualties in car crashes have decreased over the years. Nevertheless, occupant safety in rear seats, especially for children 4-12 years old, needs further attention because motor vehicle crashes remain the leading cause of death and long-term health consequences for children. The aim of this thesis was to obtain comprehensive knowledge of real-life situations for restrained, forward-facing, rear-seated children aged 4-12 years, in frontal car crashes as a basis for vehicle safety improvements to reduce long-term health consequences. The thesis is comprised of four studies based on child-specific data from Sweden and the US. Study I was based on injury data from insurance claim files, covering 2619 injured children in Sweden. Study II was an experimental study of restraint misuse, including 130 Swedish children. Study III analyzed crash data included 27 cases from two US databases, to determine injury causation scenarios. Study IV was a driving study of how pre-crash maneuvers affect child occupant kinematics with 16 children included. The results of Study I emphasized the importance of looking beyond acute, severe injuries and also examine injuries (regardless of initial injury severity) resulting in permanent medical impairment. The vast majority of injuries with the higher degree of permanent medical impairment were severe injuries to the head. The most frequent injuries leading to permanent medical impairment were minor injuries to the neck and head. To reduce the risk of head injuries among children in car crashes, a fundamental step is to ensure that vehicle restraint systems are adapted to the child, physically and behaviorally, and that the child is properly restrained. An experimental study (Study II) of children using integrated booster cushions compared to aftermarket belt positioning booster cushions, showed that misuse related to buckling up, a problem for decades, can be reduced to a minimum by the design of an integrated booster cushion. Minimizing misuse will lead to increases in proper positioning of the restraint on the child and may translate to reductions in head injury risk. Therefore, car manufacturers should focus on integrated booster cushions, preferably as standard equipment. Even with proper use, however, restrained children in rear seats sustained head injuries in frontal impacts by impacting their heads on the side interior and on the seat back in front of them. Oblique impacts and pre-crash steering maneuvers contributed to both these injurycausation scenarios (Study III). Therefore, pre-crash steering maneuvers were further explored in a driving study and it was confirmed that these common pre-crash maneuvers can result in an unstable restraint situation that may potentially compromise rear occupant safety in the event of a crash (Study IV). In conclusion, the primary recommendation as a result of this research is to protect the head and neck of child occupants from both minor and severe injuries, since all severity levels of injuries may result in long-term consequences. Frontal impacts, including oblique impacts or maneuvers prior to impact, need to be addressed to develop “tolerant” restraint systems. Furthermore, it is recommendable to design and use vehicle-built-in restraint systems to improve crash safety among children, by facilitating proper use of the restraint and placement on the child, as has been previously done for front-seated adults. To incentivize vehicle manufacturers to accelerate the implementation of child safety improvements within their vehicles, an assessment of child safety for 4-12-year-old children should be included in consumer rating programs and legal requirements

Annual Research Report, 2010-2011

Annual report of collaborative research projects of Old Dominion University faculty and students in partnership with business, industry and government.https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/or_researchreports/1000/thumbnail.jp

Learning from wilderness fire: restoring landscape scale patterns and processes

Wilderness areas, because they are managed to be “untrammeled by man,” often offer the best approximation of intact, undisturbed ecological patterns and processes. In the case of wildland fire, this means that wilderness areas often provide the only landscapes where fire has been managed to play an active, ecosystem role. As a result, these wilderness areas offer unique lessons both in terms of wildland fire management as well as the ecological consequences that result from this management approach. For these reasons, an in-depth history of fire management in the wilderness areas of the Northern Rocky Mountains is provided to highlight the lessons learned from these long-running programs where fire has been managed for resource benefit. The four decades of wilderness fire management across three wilderness areas revealed that wildland fire management is most likely to occur when land managers possess a strong commitment to the untrammeled nature of wilderness, when fire management personnel are well versed in long-term fire management strategies and skill sets, and when strong lines of communication are in place, both across administrative boundaries and between land managers and the public. From this history and these lessons learned, recommendations were developed for strengthening wildland fire management for resource benefit across the western U.S., including outside of Congressionally designated wilderness. These recommendations include bolstering the workforce capacity and incentive structure related to fire management for resource benefit, improving communication tactics regarding wildland fire management objectives, and cultivating an ecological fire ethic within land management agencies. Finally, using data collected from mixed-conifer forest plots in the Bob Marshall Wilderness of Northwest Montana, I investigated the forest stand structures that result from an active fire regime. I then identified the pathways to development for the identified stand structures, as well as the drivers of conversion of forest to non-forest structure following fire and the role of fire in creating within-structure class heterogeneity. From these analyses, I produce a data-driven conceptual model of stand structure development under an active fire regime. The results of these studies, taken together, point to the importance of wilderness areas as valuable sources of information on ecosystem processes and patterns, such as wildland fire and forest structure