255,767 research outputs found
A Convention Knowledge Based System: An Expert System Approach
Expert systems are being used in a variety way. Convention management professionals have yet to embrace this computing trend. In order to gain access to this set of problem solving tools, a review of expert system fundamentals is in order. There are a range of methods for building expert system on micro- computers. Development tools such as expert system shells provide a knowledge engineering environment that facilitates system building by non-specialists. Shells offer a variety of knowledge representations and control strategies that suit various classes of problem solving tasks. System building fundamentals and knowledge representations are reviewed as a precursor to system development. Systems under development illustrate the use of the expert system approach for problem solving tasks that involve both shallow and deep reasoning
Understanding Relationships with Attributes in Entity-Relationship Diagrams
Conceptual modeling is an important task undertaken during the systems development process to build a representation of those features of an application domain that are important to stakeholders. In spite of its importance, however, substantial evidence exists to show that it is not done well. Designers often provide incomplete, inaccurate, or inconsistent representations of domain features in the conceptual models they prepare. Users often have difficulty understanding the meaning inherent in a conceptual model. In this paper, we investigate the proposition that part of the difficulties that stakeholders experience with conceptual modeling arises when a conceptual modeling grammar or a representation produced using the grammar lacks ontological clarity. Lack of ontological clarity arises when a one-one mapping does not exist between conceptual modeling constructs and real-world constructs. For example, the grammatical construct of an entity is used to represent both things and events in the real world. Specifically, we focus on the grammatical construct of a relationship with attributes, which is often used in entity-relationship modeling. We argue that use of this construct produces ontologically unclear representations of a domain. We also report results from an experiment we undertook where we investigated the impact of using relationships with attributes in conceptual modeling representations on the problem-solving performance of users of these representations. Consistent with our predictions, we found that using relationships with attributes undermined problem-solving performance in unfamiliar domains. Contrary to our predictions, however, their use did not undermine problem-solving performance in familiar domains
MODELS AND ALGORITHMS FOR CONSTRUCTING A FORMALIZED DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
The problem of technological knowledge formalization is being considered. Discussed features of systems in the scope of ontological engineering of processes, applied to solving the problems of the structural representation of technologies associated with the organization of their analysis. Proposed a model of the concept of technological action, which identifies technological actions as holistic conceptual formations. Constructed the model of formalized description of technologies, which provides unambiguous transition from verbal descriptions of technologies to their ontological representations. Described algorithms for constructing a formalized description of technologies, which implement the logical procedures for automated and automatic construction of ontological representations of technologies. Concluded in the development of a new method of formalized description of technologies, the fundamental principles of which constitute the distinctive features of the proposed models and constructed algorithms
How Should Life Support Be Modeled and Simulated?
Why do most space life support research groups build and investigate large models for systems simulation? The need for them seems accepted, but are we asking the right questions and solving the real problems? The modeling results leave many questions unanswered. How then should space life support be modeled and simulated? Life support system research and development uses modeling and simulation to study dynamic behavior as part of systems engineering and analysis. It is used to size material flows and buffers and plan contingent operations. A DoD sponsored study used the systems engineering approach to define a set of best practices for modeling and simulation. These best practices describe a systems engineering process of developing and validating requirements, defining and analyzing the model concept, and designing and testing the model. Other general principles for modeling and simulation are presented. Some specific additional advice includes performing a static analysis before developing a dynamic simulation, applying the mass and energy conservation laws, modeling on the appropriate system level, using simplified subsystem representations, designing the model to solve a specific problem, and testing the model on several different problems. Modeling and simulation is necessary in life support design but many problems are outside its scope
Innovation process and control function in management
Currently, in terms of the need to improve business competitiveness in world markets, the problem of innovative development and the control function of Russian enterprises becomes more relevant. The authors’ approach, revealing the role of management control in solving the problem of innovative development of an enterprise, is presented herein. As the main method of study, the multilevel approach is used, while the innovation process is explored in various representations. As a set of stages from an innovational concept to a market product; as a set of resources and motivations for the participants in an innovational project; as a set of rules and procedures aimed to achieving the goals and requiring constant monitoring. Managerial control is considered as a factor of integration of the conditions required for the successful implementation of an innovative project at the enterprise. For the integrated support of the innovative processes, the enterprise internal control system is proposed, based on the polyadministrative matrix structure and the frame functioning model of the enterprise using information technologies. The systems of internal control during innovative development, which is implemented in different conditions and in different national economic systems, are also considered. The advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to the organization of control over the innovation activity at the enterprise are revealed. The recommendations are formulated to improve the model of internal control in the conditions of innovative development of the enterprise.peer-reviewe
Machine Learning-Based Ontology Mapping Tool to Enable Interoperability in Coastal Sensor Networks
In today’s world, ontologies are being widely used for data integration tasks and solving information heterogeneity problems on the web because of their capability in providing explicit meaning to the information. The growing need to resolve the heterogeneities between different information systems within a domain of interest has led to the rapid development of individual ontologies by different organizations. These ontologies designed for a particular task could be a unique representation of their project needs. Thus, integrating distributed and heterogeneous ontologies by finding semantic correspondences between their concepts has become the key point to achieve interoperability among different representations. In this thesis, an advanced instance-based ontology matching algorithm has been proposed to enable data integration tasks in ocean sensor networks, whose data are highly heterogeneous in syntax, structure, and semantics. This provides a solution to the ontology mapping problem in such systems based on machine-learning methods and string-based methods
A framework for semantic checking of information systems
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia Electrotécnica e de ComputadoresIn this day and age, enterprises often find that their business benefits greatly if they collaborate with others in order to be more competitive and productive. However these collaborations often come with some costs since the worldwide diversity of communities has led to the development of various knowledge representation elements, namely ontologies that, in most cases, are not semantically equivalent. Consequently, even though some enterprises may operate in the same domain, they can have different representations of that same knowledge. However, even after solving this issue and establishing a semantic alignment with other systems, they do not remain unchanged. Subsequently, a regular check of its semantic alignment is needed.
To aid in the resolution of this semantic interoperability problem, the author proposes a framework that intends to provide generic solutions and a mean to validate the semantic consistency of ontologies in various scenarios, thus maintaining the interoperability state between the enrolled systems
Designing as Construction of Representations: A Dynamic Viewpoint in Cognitive Design Research
This article presents a cognitively oriented viewpoint on design. It focuses
on cognitive, dynamic aspects of real design, i.e., the actual cognitive
activity implemented by designers during their work on professional design
projects. Rather than conceiving de-signing as problem solving - Simon's
symbolic information processing (SIP) approach - or as a reflective practice or
some other form of situated activity - the situativity (SIT) approach - we
consider that, from a cognitive viewpoint, designing is most appropriately
characterised as a construction of representations. After a critical discussion
of the SIP and SIT approaches to design, we present our view-point. This
presentation concerns the evolving nature of representations regarding levels
of abstraction and degrees of precision, the function of external
representations, and specific qualities of representation in collective design.
Designing is described at three levels: the organisation of the activity, its
strategies, and its design-representation construction activities (different
ways to generate, trans-form, and evaluate representations). Even if we adopt a
"generic design" stance, we claim that design can take different forms
depending on the nature of the artefact, and we propose some candidates for
dimensions that allow a distinction to be made between these forms of design.
We discuss the potential specificity of HCI design, and the lack of cognitive
design research occupied with the quality of design. We close our discussion of
representational structures and activities by an outline of some directions
regarding their functional linkages
Design: One, but in different forms
This overview paper defends an augmented cognitively oriented generic-design
hypothesis: there are both significant similarities between the design
activities implemented in different situations and crucial differences between
these and other cognitive activities; yet, characteristics of a design
situation (related to the design process, the designers, and the artefact)
introduce specificities in the corresponding cognitive activities and
structures that are used, and in the resulting designs. We thus augment the
classical generic-design hypothesis with that of different forms of designing.
We review the data available in the cognitive design research literature and
propose a series of candidates underlying such forms of design, outlining a
number of directions requiring further elaboration
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