1,377 research outputs found

    ETAP: Energy-aware Timing Analysis of Intermittent Programs

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    Energy harvesting battery-free embedded devices rely only on ambient energy harvesting that enables stand-alone and sustainable IoT applications. These devices execute programs when the harvested ambient energy in their energy reservoir is sufficient to operate and stop execution abruptly (and start charging) otherwise. These intermittent programs have varying timing behavior under different energy conditions, hardware configurations, and program structures. This paper presents Energy-aware Timing Analysis of intermittent Programs (ETAP), a probabilistic symbolic execution approach that analyzes the timing and energy behavior of intermittent programs at compile time. ETAP symbolically executes the given program while taking time and energy cost models for ambient energy and dynamic energy consumption into account. We evaluated ETAP on several intermittent programs and compared the compile-time analysis results with executions on real hardware. The results show that ETAP's normalized prediction accuracy is 99.5%, and it speeds up the timing analysis by at least two orders of magnitude compared to manual testing.Comment: Corrected typos in the previous submissio

    ETAP: Energy-Aware Timing Analysis of Intermittent Programs

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    Energy harvesting battery-free embedded devices rely only on ambient energy harvesting that enables stand-alone and sustainable IoT applications. These devices execute programs when the harvested ambient energy in their energy reservoir is sufficient to operate and stop execution abruptly (and start charging) otherwise. These intermittent programs have varying timing behavior under different energy conditions, hardware configurations, and program structures. This article presents Energy-aware Timing Analysis of intermittent Programs (ETAP), a probabilistic symbolic execution approach that analyzes the timing and energy behavior of intermittent programs at compile time. ETAP symbolically executes the given program while taking time and energy cost models for ambient energy and dynamic energy consumption into account. We evaluate ETAP by comparing the compile-time analysis results of our benchmark codes and real-world application with the results of their executions on real hardware. Our evaluation shows that ETAP’s prediction error rate is between 0.0076% and 10.8%, and it speeds up the timing analysis by at least two orders of magnitude compared to manual testing.acceptedVersio

    Real-Time Probabilistic Programming

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    Complex cyber-physical systems interact in real-time and must consider both timing and uncertainty. Developing software for such systems is both expensive and difficult, especially when modeling, inference, and real-time behavior need to be developed from scratch. Recently, a new kind of language has emerged -- called probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) -- that simplify modeling and inference by separating the concerns between probabilistic modeling and inference algorithm implementation. However, these languages have primarily been designed for offline problems, not online real-time systems. In this paper, we combine PPLs and real-time programming primitives by introducing the concept of real-time probabilistic programming languages (RTPPL). We develop an RTPPL called ProbTime and demonstrate its usability on an automotive testbed performing indoor positioning and braking. Moreover, we study fundamental properties and design alternatives for runtime behavior, including a new fairness-guided approach that automatically optimizes the accuracy of a ProbTime system under schedulability constraints

    Alternate Stimuli for the Elicitation of Event-Related Potentials

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    Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems that leverage user-brain activity to identify and perform specific functions. In applications requiring overt visual attention, focusing on visual stimuli with known temporal variation can elicit measurable changes in brain activity. However, elements of BCI applications can be intrusive. This research was designed to determine if Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), to include Steady-State Visually-Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs), could be elicited and interpreted from less obtrusive stimuli. Specifically, this research explores the use of variable frequency and long-wavelength (infrared) stimuli for SSVEP interpretation to explore the application of less obtrusive stimuli for application in BCIs. It was determined that increasing the primary wavelength of visual stimuli into the near infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum negatively impacts the observation of ERPs in human subjects. Additionally, the longer primary wavelengths of visual stimuli have a negative impact on the observation of target frequency band powers in SSVEP experiments. However, each of these signals were detected across the majority of participants for Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with center frequencies as high as 770 nm and across some participants and conditions for LEDs with center frequencies as high as 830 nm

    Reducing Communication Delay Variability for a Group of Robots

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    A novel architecture is presented for reducing communication delay variability for a group of robots. This architecture relies on using three components: a microprocessor architecture that allows deterministic real-time tasks; an event-based communication protocol in which nodes transmit in a TDMA fashion, without the need of global clock synchronization techniques; and a novel communication scheme that enables deterministic communications by allowing senders to transmit without regard for the state of the medium or coordination with other senders, and receivers can tease apart messages sent simultaneously with a high probability of success. This approach compared to others, allows simultaneous communications without regard for the state of the transmission medium, it allows deterministic communications, and it enables ordered communications that can be a applied in a team of robots. Simulations and experimental results are also included

    Using the ethernet protocol for real-time communications in embedded systems

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    Doutoramento em Engenharia ElectrotécnicaOs Sistemas Computacionais de Controlo Distribuído (SCCD) estão muito disseminados em aplicações que vão desde o controlo de processos e manufactura a automóveis, aviões e robôs. Muitas aplicações são de natureza tempo-real, ou seja, impõem fortes restrições às propriedades subjacentes aos sistemas de controlo, gerando a necessidade de fornecer um comportamento temporal previsível durante períodos alargados de tempo. Em particular, dependendo da aplicação, uma falha em garantir as restrições pode causar importantes perdas económicas ou mesmo pôr vidas humanas em risco. Actualmente, a quantidade e funcionalidade dos modernos SCCD têm crescido firmemente. Esta evolução é motivada por uma nova classe de aplicações que requer maior demanda de recursos tais como aplicações de multimedia (por exemplo visão), bem como pela tendência em usar grande número de processadres simples e interconectados, em vez de poucos e poderosos processadores, encapsulando cada funcionalidade num único processador. Consequentemente, a quantidade de informação que deve ser trocada entre os nós da rede também cresceu drasticamente nos últimos anos e está agora atingindo os limites que podem ser obtidos por tradicionais barramentos de campo, como por exempo CAN, WorldFIP, PROFIBUS. Outras alternativas são pois requeridas para suportar a necessidade de largura de banda e a manutenção de exigências dos sistemas de comunicação tempo-real: previsibilidade, pontualidade, atraso e variação de período limitados. Uma das linhas de trabalho tem apostado na Ethernet, tirando vantagem dos baixos custos dos circuitos, da elevada largura de banda, da fácil integração com a Internet, e da simplicidade em promover expansões e compatibilidade com redes usadas na estrutura administrativa das empresas industriais. Porém, o mecanismo padronizado de acesso ao meio da Ethernet (CSMA/CD) é destrutivo e não determinístico, o que impede seu uso directo ao nível de campo ou pelo menos em aplicações de comunicação tempo-real. Apesar disso, muitas abordagens diferentes têm sido propostas e usadas para obter comportamento tempo-real em Ethernet. As abordagens actuais para dotar de comportamento tempo-real Ethernet partilhada apresentam desvantagens tais como: exigência de hardware especializado, fornecimento de garantias temporais estatísticas, ineficiência na utilização da largura de banda ou na reposta tempo-real. São ainda por vezes inflexíveis com respeito às propriedades de tráfego bem como com as políticas de escalonamento. Podem exigir processadores com elevado poder de cálculo. Finalmente não permitem que estações tempo-real possam coexistir com estações Ethernet standard no mesmo segmento. Uma proposta recente, o algoritmo hBEB, permite a coexistência de estações tempo-real e standard no mesmo segmento. Contudo, apenas uma estação tempo-real pode estar activa, o que é inaceitável para aplicações de automação e controlo. Esta tese discute uma nova solução para promover tempo-real em Ethernet partilhada, baseando-se na passagem implícita de testemunho de forma similar à usada pelo protocolo P-NET. Esta técnica é um mecanismo de acesso ao meio físico pouco exigente em termos de processamento, sendo portanto adequada para implementar uma rede de dispositivos baseados em processadores de baixo poder de cálculo e controladores Ethernet standard. Esta tese apresenta ainda uma proposta de implementação do VTPE em IP core para superar algumas dificuldades derivadas de funcionalidades que não são suportadas por controladores standard, nomeadamente a arbitragem do meio físico durante a transmissão de uma trama. Esta nova proposta pode aumentar muito a eficiência do VTPE no uso da largura de banda. O VTPE, assim como P-NET ou protocolos similares, permite a uma estação apenas comunicar uma vez por cada circulação do testemunho. Esta imposição pode causar bloqueios de comunicação por períodos inaceitáveis em aplicações com tráfego isócrono, por exemplo multimedia. Uma solução proposta permite que uma estação possa aceder ao meio físico mais de uma vez por cada circulação do token. Os resultados experimentais a as análises desenvolvidas mostram que o bloqueio pode ser drasticamente reduzido. Por último esta tese discute uma variante do protocolo VTPE, o VTPE/h- BEB, que permite que mais de uma estação hBEB possa coexistir com diversas estações Ethernet standard num mesmo segmento partilhado. Um demonstrador para prova de conceito bem como uma aplicação foram também implementados.Distributed Computer-Control Systems (DCCS) are widely disseminated in applications ranging from automation and control to automotive, avionics and robotics. Many of these applications are real-time, posing stringent constraints to the properties of underlying control systems, which arise from the need to provide predictable behaviour during extended time periods. Depending on the particular type of application, a failure to meet these constraints can cause important economic losses or can even put human life in risk. Currently the number and functionality of modern DCCSs have been increasing steadily. This evolution has been motivated for a new class of applications of more resource demanding applications, such as multimedia (e.g. machine vision), as well as by the trend to use large numbers of simple interconnected processors, instead of a few powerful ones, encapsulating each functionality in one single processor. Consequently, the amount of information that must be exchanged among the network nodes has also increased dramatically and is now reaching the limits achievable by traditional fieldbuses. Therefore, other alternatives are required to support higher bandwidth demands while keeping the main requirements of a real-time communication system: predictability, timeliness, bounded delays and jitter. Efforts have been made with Ethernet to take advantage of the low cost of the silicon, high bandwidth, easy integration with the Internet, easy expansion and compatibility with the networks used at higher layers in the factory structure. However its standardized media access control (CSMA/CD) is destructive and not deterministic, impairing its direct use at field level at least for real-time communication. Despite this, many solutions have been proposed to achieve real-time behavior in Ethernet. However they present several disadvantages: requiring specialized hardware, providing statistical timeliness guarantees only, being bandwidth or response-time inefficient, being inflexible concerning traffic properties and/or scheduling policy, or finally not allowing real-time stations to coexist with standard Ethernet stations in the same segment. A recent proposal, the hBEB algorithm, allows the coexistence of real-time and standard Ethernet stations in the same shared segment. However hBEB limits at most one real-time station per segment which is unacceptable for applications in industrial automation and process control. This thesis discusses a new real-time shared Ethernet solution based on the virtual token passing technique similarly to the one used by the P-NET protocol. This technique is a medium access control mechanism that requires small processing power, being suitable to implement devices based on processors with small processing power. The solution is called Virtual Token Passing Ethernet or VTPE. This proposal discusses the modifications required in the Ethernet frame format, the temporal analysis to guarantee real-time communication and the implementation of two demonstrators based on microcontrollers and standard Ethernet controllers. This thesis also presents a proposal to implement VTPE in an IP Core to overcome some difficulties derived from limitations of standard Ethernet controllers, namely to allow medium access control during a frame transmission. This proposal can increase the bandwidth efficiency of VTPE. VTPE, as well as P-NET or any other protocol based on circular token rotation technique, only allows a station to communicate once for each token round. This design imposition can cause unacceptable communication blocking in applications with isochronous traffic such as multimedia. An improvement in the VTPE proposal enables a station to access the medium more than once per token round. The experimental results as well as the temporal analysis show that the blocking can be drastically reduced. This improvement can also be used in the P-NET protocol. Finally this thesis proposes a variant of VTPE, named VTPE/hBEB, to be implemented in Ethernet controllers that are able to support the hBEB algorithm. The VTPE/hBEB allows more than one hBEB station to coexist with several standard Ethernet stations in the same shared Ethernet segment. A demonstrator for the VTPE/hBEB validation, as well as an application, are also presented and discussed
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