Predictive Reliability and Fault Management in Exascale Systems: State of the Art and Perspectives

© ACM, 2020. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 53, No. 5, Article 95. Publication date: September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3403956[EN] Performance and power constraints come together with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology scaling in future Exascale systems. Technology scaling makes each individual transistor more prone to faults and, due to the exponential increase in the number of devices per chip, to higher system fault rates. Consequently, High-performance Computing (HPC) systems need to integrate prediction, detection, and recovery mechanisms to cope with faults efficiently. This article reviews fault detection, fault prediction, and recovery techniques in HPC systems, from electronics to system level. We analyze their strengths and limitations. Finally, we identify the promising paths to meet the reliability levels of Exascale systems.This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 (H2020) research and innovation program under the FET-HPC Grant Agreement No. 801137 (RECIPE). Jaume Abella was also partially supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under Contract No. TIN2015-65316-P and under Ramon y Cajal Postdoctoral Fellowship No. RYC-2013-14717, as well as by the HiPEAC Network of Excellence. Ramon Canal is partially supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya under Contract No. 2017SGR0962.Canal, R.; Hernández Luz, C.; Tornero-Gavilá, R.; Cilardo, A.; Massari, G.; Reghenzani, F.; Fornaciari, W.... (2020). Predictive Reliability and Fault Management in Exascale Systems: State of the Art and Perspectives. ACM Computing Surveys. 53(5):1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3403956S132535Abella, J., Hernandez, C., Quinones, E., Cazorla, F. J., Conmy, P. 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Tese de mestrado em Engenharia Informática, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2021A forma como os recursos computacionais são geridos, mais propriamente os alojados nos grandes centros de dados, tem vindo, nos últimos anos, a evoluir. As soluções iniciais que passavam por aplicações a correr em grandes servidores físicos, comportavam elevados custos não só de aquisição, mas também, e principalmente, de manutenção. A razão chave por trás deste facto prendia-se em grande parte com uma utilização largamente ineficiente dos recursos computacionais disponíveis. No entanto, o surgimento de tecnologias de virtualização de servidores foi o volte-face necessário para alterar radicalmente o paradigma até aqui existente. Isto não só levou a que os operadores dos grandes centros de dados pudessem passar a alugar os seus recursos computacionais, criando assim uma interessante oportunidade de negócio, mas também permitiu potenciar (e facilitar) negócios dos clientes. Do ponto de vista destes, os benefícios são evidentes: poder alugar recursos, num modelo pay-as-you-go, evita os elevados custos de capital necessários para iniciar um novo serviço. A este novo conceito baseado no aluguer e partilha de recursos computacionais a terceiros dá-se o nome de computação em nuvem (“cloud computing”). Como referimos anteriormente, nada disto teria sido possível sem o aparecimento de tecnologias de virtualização, que permitem o desacoplamento dos serviços dos utilizadores do hardware que os suporta. Esta tecnologia tem-se revelado uma ferramenta fundamental na administração e manutenção dos recursos disponíveis em qualquer centro de dados. Por exemplo, a migração de máquinas virtuais facilita tarefas como a manutenção das infraestruturas, a distribuição de carga, a tolerância a faltas, entre outras primitivas operacionais, graças ao desacoplamento entre as máquinas virtuais e as máquinas físicas, e à consequente grande mobilidade que lhes é assim conferida. Atualmente, muitas aplicações e serviços alojados na nuvem apresentam dimensão e complexidade considerável. O serviço típico é composto por diversos componentes que se complementam de forma a cumprir um determinado propósito. Por exemplo, diversos serviços são baseados numa topologia de vários níveis, composta por múltiplos servidores web, balanceadores de carga e bases de dados distribuídas e replicadas. Daqui resulta uma forte ligação e dependência dos vários elementos deste sistema e das infraestruturas de comunicação e de rede que os suportam. Esta forte dependência da rede vem limitar grandemente a flexibilidade e mobilidade das máquinas virtuais, o que, por sua vez, restringe inevitavelmente o seu reconhecido potencial. Esta dependência é particularmente afetada pela reduzida flexibilidade que a gestão e o controlo das redes apresentam atualmente, levando a que o processo de migração de máquinas virtuais se torne num demorado processo que apresenta restrições que obrigam à reconfiguração da rede, operação esta que, muitas vezes, é assegurada por um operador humano (de que pode resultar, por exemplo, a introdução de falhas). Num cenário ideal, a infraestrutura de redes de que depende a comunicação entre as máquinas virtuais seria também ela virtual, abstraindo os recursos necessários à comunicação, o que conferiria à globalidade do sistema uma maior flexibilidade e mobilidade que, por sua vez, permitiria a realização de uma migração conjunta das referidas máquinas virtuais e da infraestrutura de rede que as suporta. Neste contexto, surgem as redes definidas por software (SDN) [34], uma nova abordagem às redes de computadores que propõe separar a infraestrutura responsável pelo encaminhamento do tráfego (o plano de dados) do plano de controlo, planos que, até aqui, se encontravam acoplados nos elementos de rede (switches e routers). O controlo passa assim para um grupo de servidores, o que permite criar uma centralização lógica do controlo da rede. Uma SDN consegue então oferecer uma visão global da rede e do seu respetivo estado, característica fundamental para permitir o desacoplamento necessário entre a infraestrutura física e virtual. Recentemente, várias soluções de virtualização de rede foram propostas (e.g., VMware NSX [5], Microsoft AccelNet [21] e Google Andromeda [2]), ancoradas na centralização oferecida por uma SDN. No entanto, embora estas plataformas permitam virtualizar a rede, nenhuma delas trata o problema da migração dos seus elementos, limitando a sua flexibilidade. O objetivo desta dissertação passa então por implementar e avaliar soluções de migração de redes recorrendo a SDNs. A ideia é migrar um dispositivo de rede (neste caso, um switch virtual), escolhido pelo utilizador, de modo transparente, quer para os serviços que utilizam a rede, evitando causar disrupção, quer para as aplicações de controlo SDN da rede. O desafio passa por migrar o estado mantido no switch de forma consistente e sem afetar o normal funcionamento da rede. Com esse intuito, implementámos e avaliámos três diferentes abordagens à migração ( freeze and copy, move e clone) e discutimos as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma. É de realçar que a solução baseada em clonagem se encontra incorporada como um módulo do virtualizador de rede Sirius.The way computational resources are managed, specifically those in big data centers, has been evolving in the last few years. One of the big stepping-stones for this was the emergence of server virtualization technologies that, given their ability to decouple software from the hardware, allowed for big data center operators to rent their resources, which, in its turn, represented an interesting business opportunity for both the operators and their potential customers. This new concept that consists in renting computational resources is called cloud computing. Furthermore, with the possibility that later arose of live migrating virtual machines, be it by customer request (for example, to move their service closer to the target consumer) or by provider decision (for example, to execute scheduled rack maintenances without downtimes), this new paradigm presented really strong arguments in comparison with traditional hosting solutions. Today, most cloud applications have considerable dimension and complexity. This complexity results in a strong dependency between the system elements and the communication infrastructure that lays underneath. This strong network dependency greatly limits the flexibility and mobility of the virtual machines (VMs). This dependency is mainly due to the reduced flexibility of current network management and control, turning the VM migration process into a long and error prone procedure. From a network’s perspective however, software-defined networks (SDNs) [34] manage to provide tools and mechanisms that can go a long way to mitigate this limitation. SDN proposes the separation of the forwarding infrastructure from the control plane as a way to tackle the flexibility problem. Recently, several network virtualization solutions were proposed (e.g., VMware NSX [5], Microsoft AccelNet [21] and Google Andromeda [2]), all supported on the logical centralization offered by an SDN. However, while allowing for network virtualization, none of these platforms addressed the problem of migrating the virtual networks, which limits their functionality. The goal of this dissertation is to implement and evaluate network migration solutions using SDNs. These solutions should allow for the migration of a network element (a virtual switch), chosen by the user, transparently, both for the services that are actively using the network and for the SDN applications that control the network. The challenge is to migrate the virtual element’s state in a consistent manner, whilst not affecting the normal operation of the network. With that in mind, we implemented and evaluated three different migration approaches (freeze and copy, move and clone), and discussed their respective advantages and disadvantages. It is relevant to mention that the cloning approach we implemented and evaluated is incorporated as a module of the network virtualization platform Sirius

Allocation of Virtual Machines in Cloud Data Centers - A Survey of Problem Models and Optimization Algorithms

Data centers in public, private, and hybrid cloud settings make it possible to provision virtual machines (VMs) with unprecedented flexibility. However, purchasing, operating, and maintaining the underlying physical resources incurs significant monetary costs and also environmental impact. Therefore, cloud providers must optimize the usage of physical resources by a careful allocation of VMs to hosts, continuously balancing between the conflicting requirements on performance and operational costs. In recent years, several algorithms have been proposed for this important optimization problem. Unfortunately, the proposed approaches are hardly comparable because of subtle differences in the used problem models. This paper surveys the used problem formulations and optimization algorithms, highlighting their strengths and limitations, also pointing out the areas that need further research in the future

SoK: Log Based Transparency Enhancing Technologies

This paper systematizes log based Transparency Enhancing Technologies. Based on established work on transparency from multiple disciplines we outline the purpose, usefulness, and pitfalls of transparency. We outline the mechanisms that allow log based transparency enhancing technologies to be implemented, in particular logging mechanisms, sanitisation mechanisms and the trade-offs with privacy, data release and query mechanisms, and how transparency relates to the external mechanisms that can provide the ability to contest a system and hold system operators accountable. We illustrate the role these mechanisms play with two case studies, Certificate Transparency and cryptocurrencies, and show the role that transparency plays in their function as well as the issues these systems face in delivering transparency

Creation of value with open source software in the telecommunications field

Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 200

Autonomic Overload Management For Large-Scale Virtualized Network Functions

The explosion of data traffic in telecommunication networks has been impressive in the last few years. To keep up with the high demand and staying profitable, Telcos are embracing the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) paradigm by shifting from hardware network appliances to software virtual network functions, which are expected to support extremely large scale architectures, providing both high performance and high reliability. The main objective of this dissertation is to provide frameworks and techniques to enable proper overload detection and mitigation for the emerging virtualized software-based network services. The thesis contribution is threefold. First, it proposes a novel approach to quickly detect performance anomalies in complex and large-scale VNF services. Second, it presents NFV-Throttle, an autonomic overload control framework to protect NFV services from overload within a short period of time, allowing to preserve the QoS of traffic flows admitted by network services in response to both traffic spikes (up to 10x the available capacity) and capacity reduction due to infrastructure problems (such as CPU contention). Third, it proposes DRACO, to manage overload problems arising in novel large-scale multi-tier applications, such as complex stateful network functions in which the state is spread across modern key-value stores to achieve both scalability and performance. DRACO performs a fine-grained admission control, by tuning the amount and type of traffic according to datastore node dependencies among the tiers (which are dynamically discovered at run-time), and to the current capacity of individual nodes, in order to mitigate overloads and preventing hot-spots. This thesis presents the implementation details and an extensive experimental evaluation for all the above overload management solutions, by means of a virtualized IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which provides modern multimedia services for Telco operators, such as Videoconferencing and VoLTE, and which is one of the top use-cases of the NFV technology

Towards Safe and Secure Autonomous and Cooperative Vehicle Ecosystems

Semi-autonomous driver assists are already widely deployed and fully autonomous cars are progressively leaving the realm of laboratories. This evolution coexists with a progressive connectivity and cooperation, creating important safety and security challenges, the latter ranging from casual hackers to highly-skilled attackers, requiring a holistic analysis, under the perspective of fully-fledged ecosystems of autonomous and cooperative vehicles. This position paper attempts at contributing to a better understanding of the global threat plane and the specific threat vectors designers should be at- tentive to. We survey paradigms and mechanisms that may be used to overcome or at least mitigate the potential risks that may arise through the several threat vectors analyzed