Five Facets of 6G: Research Challenges and Opportunities

Whilst the fifth-generation (5G) systems are being rolled out across the globe, researchers have turned their attention to the exploration of radical next-generation solutions. At this early evolutionary stage we survey five main research facets of this field, namely {\em Facet~1: next-generation architectures, spectrum and services, Facet~2: next-generation networking, Facet~3: Internet of Things (IoT), Facet~4: wireless positioning and sensing, as well as Facet~5: applications of deep learning in 6G networks.} In this paper, we have provided a critical appraisal of the literature of promising techniques ranging from the associated architectures, networking, applications as well as designs. We have portrayed a plethora of heterogeneous architectures relying on cooperative hybrid networks supported by diverse access and transmission mechanisms. The vulnerabilities of these techniques are also addressed and carefully considered for highlighting the most of promising future research directions. Additionally, we have listed a rich suite of learning-driven optimization techniques. We conclude by observing the evolutionary paradigm-shift that has taken place from pure single-component bandwidth-efficiency, power-efficiency or delay-optimization towards multi-component designs, as exemplified by the twin-component ultra-reliable low-latency mode of the 5G system. We advocate a further evolutionary step towards multi-component Pareto optimization, which requires the exploration of the entire Pareto front of all optiomal solutions, where none of the components of the objective function may be improved without degrading at least one of the other components

Clone Detection for Efficient System in WSN using AODV

Wireless sensor is wide deployed for a spread of application, starting from surroundings observance to telemedicine and objects chase, etc. For value effective sensing element placement, sensors are usually not tamperproof device and are deployed in places while not observance and protection, that creates them at risk of fully different attacks. As an example, a malicious user may compromise some sensors and acquire their private information. Then, it?ll duplicate the detectors and deploy clones in an exceedingly wireless sensor network (WSN) to launch a spread of attack that?s mentioned as clone attack. Because the duplicated sensors have an equivalent information, e.g., code and crypto graphical information, captured from legitimate sensors that may merely participate in network operation and launch attacks. Because of the low value for sensing components duplication and preparation, clone attacks became one in all the foremost essential security issues in WSNs. Thus, it?s essential to effectively detect clone attacks therefore to ensure healthy operation of WSNs

Secure Data Collection Using Randomized Multipath Routing

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in various real time applications such as surveillance, environment monitoring, studying wildlife habitat and so on. As the nodes in the network are resource constrained, they are vulnerable to various attacks. This is the reason there is need for secure data collection in such networks. Many solutions came into existence to provide secure communications in WSN. However, the solutions were based on different techniques. Minimization of packet failure rate is one of the objectives of many researchers in this area. The potential attacks on the network can jeopardise its purpose. Recently Alghamdi et al. proposed a solution using multipath routing in which the effect of adversaries is reduced besides ensuring secure data transmission in the presence of malicious nodes in the network. Our work is similar to this with certain improvements in terms of energy consumption and also packet delivery failure ratio. We implemented a WSN with simulations and our approach used a controller in the network which, in consultation with base station, can play a vital role in prevention of attacks. Since the solution is based on randomized multipath routing, it is able to withstand potential attacks and ensure that the failure of packet delivery is minimized and the overall network performance is improved. The simulation results reveal that the proposed approach has better performance in terms of performance level of protocol, network throughput, delay analysis, percentage of packet loss, and energy consumption. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150713

Clarifying fog computing and networking: 10 questions and answers

Fog computing is an end-to-end horizontal architecture that distributes computing, storage, control, and networking functions closer to users along the cloud-to-thing continuum. The word “edge” may carry different meanings. A common usage of the term refers to the edge network as opposed to the core network, with equipment such as edge routers, base stations, and home gateways. In that sense, there are several differences between fog and edge. First, fog is inclusive of cloud, core, metro, edge, clients, and things. The fog architecture will further enable pooling, orchestrating, managing, and securing the resources and functions distributed in the cloud, anywhere along the cloud-to-thing continuum, and on the things to support end-to-end services and applications. Second, fog seeks to realize a seamless continuum of computing services from the cloud to the things rather than treating the network edges as isolated computing platforms. Third, fog envisions a horizontal platform that will support the common fog computing functions for multiple industries and application domains, including but not limited to traditional telco services. Fourth, a dominant part of edge is mobile edge, whereas the fog computing architecture will be flexible enough to work over wireline as well as wireless networks

Clone Detection for Efficient System in WSN Using AODV

Wireless sensor networks accommodate a whole lot to thousands of sensor nodes and are wide employed in civilian and security applications. One in every of the intense physical attacks faced by the wireless sensor network is node clone attack. So 2 node clone detection protocols area unit introduced via distributed hash table and arbitrarily directed exploration to detect node clones. The previous primarily based on a hash table value that is already distributed and provides key based facilities like checking and caching to observe node clones. The later one is exploitation probabilistic directed forwarding technique and border determination. The simulation results for storage consumption, communication value and detection chance is completed exploitation NS2 and obtained arbitrarily directed exploration is that the best one having low communication value and storage consumption and has smart detection chance

A Survey on Wireless Security: Technical Challenges, Recent Advances and Future Trends

This paper examines the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by the inherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defense mechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize the security requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability issues. Next, a comprehensive overview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented in view of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threats are discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a survey of the existing security protocols and algorithms that are adopted in the existing wireless network standards, such as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and the long-term evolution (LTE) systems. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art in physical-layer security, which is an emerging technique of securing the open communications environment against eavesdropping attacks at the physical layer. We also introduce the family of various jamming attacks and their counter-measures, including the constant jammer, intermittent jammer, reactive jammer, adaptive jammer and intelligent jammer. Additionally, we discuss the integration of physical-layer security into existing authentication and cryptography mechanisms for further securing wireless networks. Finally, some technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends in wireless security are discussed.Comment: 36 pages. Accepted to Appear in Proceedings of the IEEE, 201