57 research outputs found
Glyph: Fast and Accurately Training Deep Neural Networks on Encrypted Data
Big data is one of the cornerstones to enabling and training deep neural
networks (DNNs). Because of the lack of expertise, to gain benefits from their
data, average users have to rely on and upload their private data to big data
companies they may not trust. Due to the compliance, legal, or privacy
constraints, most users are willing to contribute only their encrypted data,
and lack interests or resources to join the training of DNNs in cloud. To train
a DNN on encrypted data in a completely non-interactive way, a recent work
proposes a fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)-based technique implementing all
activations in the neural network by \textit{Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan
(BGV)}-based lookup tables. However, such inefficient lookup-table-based
activations significantly prolong the training latency of privacy-preserving
DNNs.
In this paper, we propose, Glyph, a FHE-based scheme to fast and accurately
train DNNs on encrypted data by switching between TFHE (Fast Fully Homomorphic
Encryption over the Torus) and BGV cryptosystems. Glyph uses
logic-operation-friendly TFHE to implement nonlinear activations, while adopts
vectorial-arithmetic-friendly BGV to perform multiply-accumulation (MAC)
operations. Glyph further applies transfer learning on the training of DNNs to
improve the test accuracy and reduce the number of MAC operations between
ciphertext and ciphertext in convolutional layers. Our experimental results
show Glyph obtains the state-of-the-art test accuracy, but reduces the training
latency by over the prior FHE-based technique on various encrypted
datasets.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Exploring the Effectiveness of Privacy Preserving Classification in Convolutional Neural Networks
A front-runner in modern technological advancement, machine learning relies heavily on the use of personal data. It follows that, when assessing the scope of confidentiality for machine learning models, understanding the potential role of encryption is critical. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are a subset of artificial feed-forward neural networks tailored specifically for image recognition and classification. As the popularity of CNN increases, so too does the need for privacy preserving classification. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) refers to a cryptographic system that allows for computation on encrypted data to obtain an encrypted result such that, when decrypted, the result is the same value that would have been obtained if the operations were performed on the original unencrypted data. The objective of this research was to explore the application of HE alongside CNN with the creation of privacy-preserving CNN layers that have the ability to operate on encrypted images. This was accomplished through (1) researching the underlying structure of preexisting privacy-preserving CNN classifiers, (2) creating privacy-preserving convolution, pooling, and fully-connected layers by mapping the computations found within each layer to a space of homomorphic computations, (3) developing a polynomial-approximated activation function and creating a privacy-preserving activation layer based on this approximation, (4) testing and profiling the designed application to asses efficiency, performance, accuracy, and overall practicality
Cloud-based homomorphic encryption for privacy-preserving machine learning in clinical decision support
While privacy and security concerns dominate public cloud services, Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is seen as an emerging solution that ensures secure processing of sensitive data via untrusted networks in the public cloud or by third-party cloud vendors. It relies on the fact that some encryption algorithms display the property of homomorphism, which allows them to manipulate data meaningfully while still in encrypted form; although there are major stumbling blocks to overcome before the technology is considered mature for production cloud environments. Such a framework would find particular relevance in Clinical Decision Support (CDS) applications deployed in the public cloud. CDS applications have an important computational and analytical role over confidential healthcare information with the aim of supporting decision-making in clinical practice. Machine Learning (ML) is employed in CDS applications that typically learn and can personalise actions based on individual behaviour. A relatively simple-to-implement, common and consistent framework is sought that can overcome most limitations of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) in order to offer an expanded and flexible set of HE capabilities. In the absence of a significant breakthrough in FHE efficiency and practical use, it would appear that a solution relying on client interactions is the best known entity for meeting the requirements of private CDS-based computation, so long as security is not significantly compromised. A hybrid solution is introduced, that intersperses limited two-party interactions amongst the main homomorphic computations, allowing exchange of both numerical and logical cryptographic contexts in addition to resolving other major FHE limitations. Interactions involve the use of client-based ciphertext decryptions blinded by data obfuscation techniques, to maintain privacy. This thesis explores the middle ground whereby HE schemes can provide improved and efficient arbitrary computational functionality over a significantly reduced two-party network interaction model involving data obfuscation techniques. This compromise allows for the powerful capabilities of HE to be leveraged, providing a more uniform, flexible and general approach to privacy-preserving system integration, which is suitable for cloud deployment. The proposed platform is uniquely designed to make HE more practical for mainstream clinical application use, equipped with a rich set of capabilities and potentially very complex depth of HE operations. Such a solution would be suitable for the long-term privacy preserving-processing requirements of a cloud-based CDS system, which would typically require complex combinatorial logic, workflow and ML capabilities
ENNigma: A Framework for Private Neural Networks
The increasing concerns about data privacy and the stringent enforcement of data protection
laws are placing growing pressure on organizations to secure large datasets. The challenge
of ensuring data privacy becomes even more complex in the domains of Artificial Intelligence
and Machine Learning due to their requirement for large amounts of data. While approaches
like differential privacy and secure multi-party computation allow data to be used with some
privacy guarantees, they often compromise data integrity or accessibility as a tradeoff. In
contrast, when using encryption-based strategies, this is not the case. While basic encryption
only protects data during transmission and storage, Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is able
to preserve data privacy during its processing on a centralized server. Despite its advantages,
the computational overhead HE introduces is notably challenging when integrated into Neural
Networks (NNs), which are already computationally expensive.
In this work, we present a framework called ENNigma, which is a Private Neural Network
(PNN) that uses HE for data privacy preservation. Unlike some state-of-the-art approaches,
ENNigma guarantees data security throughout every operation, maintaining this guarantee
even if the server is compromised. The impact of this privacy preservation layer on the
NN performance is minimal, with the only major drawback being its computational cost.
Several optimizations were implemented to maximize the efficiency of ENNigma, leading to
occasional computational time reduction above 50%.
In the context of the Network Intrusion Detection System application domain, particularly
within the sub-domain of Distributed Denial of Service attack detection, several models
were developed and employed to assess ENNigma’s performance in a real-world scenario.
These models demonstrated comparable performance to non-private NNs while also achiev ing the two-and-a-half-minute inference latency mark. This suggests that our framework is
approaching a state where it can be effectively utilized in real-time applications.
The key takeaway is that ENNigma represents a significant advancement in the field of PNN
as it ensures data privacy with minimal impact on NN performance. While it is not yet ready
for real-world deployment due to its computational complexity, this framework serves as a
milestone toward realizing fully private and efficient NNs.As preocupações crescentes com a privacidade de dados e a implementação de leis que visam
endereçar este problema, estão a pressionar as organizações para assegurar a segurança das
suas bases de dados. Este desafio torna-se ainda mais complexo nos domÃnios da Inteligência
Artificial e Machine Learning, que dependem do acesso a grandes volumes de dados para
obterem bons resultados. As abordagens existentes, tal como Differential Privacy e Secure
Multi-party Computation, já permitem o uso de dados com algumas garantias de privacidade.
No entanto, na maioria das vezes, comprometem a integridade ou a acessibilidade aos
mesmos. Por outro lado, ao usar estratégias baseadas em cifras, isso não ocorre. Ao
contrário das cifras mais tradicionais, que apenas protegem os dados durante a transmissão
e armazenamento, as cifras homomórficas são capazes de preservar a privacidade dos dados
durante o seu processamento. Nomeadamente se o mesmo for centralizado num único
servidor. Apesar das suas vantagens, o custo computacional introduzido por este tipo de
cifras é bastante desafiador quando integrado em Redes Neurais que, por natureza, já são
computacionalmente pesadas.
Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma biblioteca chamada ENNigma, que é uma Rede Neural
Privada construÃda usando cifras homomórficas para preservar a privacidade dos dados. Ao
contrário de algumas abordagens estado-da-arte, a ENNigma garante a segurança dos dados
em todas as operações, mantendo essa garantia mesmo que o servidor seja comprometido.
O impacto da introdução desta camada de segurança, no desempenho da rede neural, é
mÃnimo, sendo a sua única grande desvantagem o seu custo computacional. Foram ainda
implementadas diversas otimizações para maximizar a eficiência da biblioteca apresentada,
levando a reduções ocasionais no tempo computacional acima de 50%.
No contexto do domÃnio de aplicação de Sistemas de Detecção de Intrusão em Redes de
Computadores, em particular dentro do subdomÃnio de detecção de ataques do tipo Distributed Denial of Service, vários modelos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar o desempenho
da ENNigma num cenário real. Estes modelos demonstraram desempenho comparável à s
redes neurais não privadas, ao mesmo tempo que alcançaram uma latência de inferência de
dois minutos e meio. Isso sugere que a biblioteca apresentada está a aproximar-se de um
estado em que pode ser utilizada em aplicações em tempo real.
A principal conclusão é que a biblioteca ENNigma representa um avanço significativo na
área das Redes Neurais Privadas, pois assegura a privacidade dos dados com um impacto
mÃnimo no desempenho da rede neural. Embora esta ferramenta ainda não esteja pronta
para utilização no mundo real, devido à sua complexidade computacional, serve como um
marco importante para o desenvolvimento de redes neurais totalmente privadas e eficientes
Privacy-Preserving Classification on Deep Neural Network
Neural Networks (NN) are today increasingly used in Machine Learning where they have become deeper and deeper to accurately model or classify high-level abstractions of data. Their development however also gives rise to important data privacy risks. This observation motives Microsoft researchers to propose a framework, called Cryptonets. The core idea is to combine simplifications of the NN with Fully Homomorphic Encryptions (FHE) techniques to get both confidentiality of the manipulated data and efficiency of the processing. While efficiency and accuracy are demonstrated when the number of non-linear layers is small (eg ), Cryptonets unfortunately becomes ineffective for deeper NNs which let the problem of privacy preserving matching open in these contexts. This work successfully addresses this problem by combining the original ideas of Cryptonets\u27 solution with the batch normalization principle introduced at ICML 2015 by Ioffe and Szegedy. We experimentally validate the soundness of our approach with a neural network with non-linear layers. When applied to the MNIST database, it competes the accuracy of the best non-secure versions, thus significantly improving Cryptonets
RISE: RISC-V SoC for En/decryption Acceleration on the Edge for Homomorphic Encryption
Today edge devices commonly connect to the cloud to use its storage and
compute capabilities. This leads to security and privacy concerns about user
data. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a promising solution to address the data
privacy problem as it allows arbitrarily complex computations on encrypted data
without ever needing to decrypt it. While there has been a lot of work on
accelerating HE computations in the cloud, little attention has been paid to
the message-to-ciphertext and ciphertext-to-message conversion operations on
the edge. In this work, we profile the edge-side conversion operations, and our
analysis shows that during conversion error sampling, encryption, and
decryption operations are the bottlenecks. To overcome these bottlenecks, we
present RISE, an area and energy-efficient RISC-V SoC. RISE leverages an
efficient and lightweight pseudo-random number generator core and combines it
with fast sampling techniques to accelerate the error sampling operations. To
accelerate the encryption and decryption operations, RISE uses scalable,
data-level parallelism to implement the number theoretic transform operation,
the main bottleneck within the encryption and decryption operations. In
addition, RISE saves area by implementing a unified en/decryption datapath, and
efficiently exploits techniques like memory reuse and data reordering to
utilize a minimal amount of on-chip memory. We evaluate RISE using a complete
RTL design containing a RISC-V processor interfaced with our accelerator. Our
analysis reveals that for message-to-ciphertext conversion and
ciphertext-to-message conversion, using RISE leads up to 6191.19X and 2481.44X
more energy-efficient solution, respectively, than when using just the RISC-V
processor
Applications in security and evasions in machine learning : a survey
In recent years, machine learning (ML) has become an important part to yield security and privacy in various applications. ML is used to address serious issues such as real-time attack detection, data leakage vulnerability assessments and many more. ML extensively supports the demanding requirements of the current scenario of security and privacy across a range of areas such as real-time decision-making, big data processing, reduced cycle time for learning, cost-efficiency and error-free processing. Therefore, in this paper, we review the state of the art approaches where ML is applicable more effectively to fulfill current real-world requirements in security. We examine different security applications' perspectives where ML models play an essential role and compare, with different possible dimensions, their accuracy results. By analyzing ML algorithms in security application it provides a blueprint for an interdisciplinary research area. Even with the use of current sophisticated technology and tools, attackers can evade the ML models by committing adversarial attacks. Therefore, requirements rise to assess the vulnerability in the ML models to cope up with the adversarial attacks at the time of development. Accordingly, as a supplement to this point, we also analyze the different types of adversarial attacks on the ML models. To give proper visualization of security properties, we have represented the threat model and defense strategies against adversarial attack methods. Moreover, we illustrate the adversarial attacks based on the attackers' knowledge about the model and addressed the point of the model at which possible attacks may be committed. Finally, we also investigate different types of properties of the adversarial attacks
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