7,043 research outputs found

    Scenarios for the development of smart grids in the UK: literature review

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    Smart grids are expected to play a central role in any transition to a low-carbon energy future, and much research is currently underway on practically every area of smart grids. However, it is evident that even basic aspects such as theoretical and operational definitions, are yet to be agreed upon and be clearly defined. Some aspects (efficient management of supply, including intermittent supply, two-way communication between the producer and user of electricity, use of IT technology to respond to and manage demand, and ensuring safe and secure electricity distribution) are more commonly accepted than others (such as smart meters) in defining what comprises a smart grid. It is clear that smart grid developments enjoy political and financial support both at UK and EU levels, and from the majority of related industries. The reasons for this vary and include the hope that smart grids will facilitate the achievement of carbon reduction targets, create new employment opportunities, and reduce costs relevant to energy generation (fewer power stations) and distribution (fewer losses and better stability). However, smart grid development depends on additional factors, beyond the energy industry. These relate to issues of public acceptability of relevant technologies and associated risks (e.g. data safety, privacy, cyber security), pricing, competition, and regulation; implying the involvement of a wide range of players such as the industry, regulators and consumers. The above constitute a complex set of variables and actors, and interactions between them. In order to best explore ways of possible deployment of smart grids, the use of scenarios is most adequate, as they can incorporate several parameters and variables into a coherent storyline. Scenarios have been previously used in the context of smart grids, but have traditionally focused on factors such as economic growth or policy evolution. Important additional socio-technical aspects of smart grids emerge from the literature review in this report and therefore need to be incorporated in our scenarios. These can be grouped into four (interlinked) main categories: supply side aspects, demand side aspects, policy and regulation, and technical aspects.

    Competition between shared autonomous vehicles and public transit: A case study in Singapore

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    Emerging autonomous vehicles (AV) can either supplement the public transportation (PT) system or compete with it. This study examines the competitive perspective where both AV and PT operators are profit-oriented with dynamic adjustable supply strategies under five regulatory structures regarding whether the AV operator is allowed to change the fleet size and whether the PT operator is allowed to adjust headway. Four out of the five scenarios are constrained competition while the other one focuses on unconstrained competition to find the Nash Equilibrium. We evaluate the competition process as well as the system performance from the standpoints of four stakeholders -- the AV operator, the PT operator, passengers, and the transport authority. We also examine the impact of PT subsidies on the competition results including both demand-based and supply-based subsidies. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to update supply strategies for AV and PT based on the operators' historical actions and profits. An agent-based simulation model is implemented in the first-mile scenario in Tampines, Singapore. We find that the competition can result in higher profits and higher system efficiency for both operators compared to the status quo. After the supply updates, the PT services are spatially concentrated to shorter routes feeding directly to the subway station and temporally concentrated to peak hours. On average, the competition reduces the travel time of passengers but increases their travel costs. Nonetheless, the generalized travel cost is reduced when incorporating the value of time. With respect to the system efficiency, the bus supply adjustment increases the average vehicle load and reduces the total vehicle kilometer traveled measured by the passenger car equivalent (PCE), while the AV supply adjustment does the opposite

    Towards an evaluation of incentives and nudges for smart charging

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    Electric vehicles (EVs) are an important cornerstone to achieve transport decarbonization. Still, simultaneous charging of EVs when home charging increases peak demand, especially during evenings. Smart charging allows optimal distribution of load, thus preventing peak loads. Nevertheless, this incorporates certain risks for the EV user, e.g., unavailability of EVs for unplanned events. This might lead to a lack of user acceptance. This paper focuses on specific incentives and nudges, motivating users to adopt smart charging. We conducted an integrative literature review, bringing together literature from different areas. Possible incentives and nudges are monetary incentives, feedback, gamification, or smart charging as a default-setting. We conducted three focus groups with 13 EV users in Luxembourg to get first insights into which of those incentives and nudges they prefer. Preliminary results indicate that incentives and nudges should be individualized. In the future, we would use these first insights to develop a large-scale survey

    The Critical Role of Public Charging Infrastructure

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    Editors: Peter Fox-Penner, PhD, Z. Justin Ren, PhD, David O. JermainA decade after the launch of the contemporary global electric vehicle (EV) market, most cities face a major challenge preparing for rising EV demand. Some cities, and the leaders who shape them, are meeting and even leading demand for EV infrastructure. This book aggregates deep, groundbreaking research in the areas of urban EV deployment for city managers, private developers, urban planners, and utilities who want to understand and lead change

    Regulation in the Behavioral Era

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    Administrative agencies have long proceeded on the assumption that individuals respond to regulations in ways that are consistent with traditional rational actor theory, but that is beginning to change. Agencies are now relying on behavioral economics to develop regulations that account for responses that depart from common sense and common wisdom, reflecting predictable cognitive anomalies. Furthermore, political officials have now called for behavioral economics to play an explicit role in White House review of agency regulations. This is a significant development for the regulatory process, yet our understanding of how behavioral insights should alter regulatory analysis is incomplete. To account for behavioral anomalies, regulators will need to draw on behavioral and social science insights beyond behavioral economics, and they will need an analytic framework to ensure that regulatory decisions reflect a comprehensive examination of the numerous, seemingly haphazard behavioral insights. Although behavioral research has demonstrated the limits of rational action, it does not provide a framework for considering extra-rational action. Nor have legal scholars developed such a framework, despite excellent theoretical work in the area. In this Article, we take an initial step. We provide a framework to facilitate agency consideration of extra-rational action and extend that framework to include a lesson from behavioral research that academics have noted but not adequately explored: that individuals are concerned with social outcomes (e.g., social status or inclusion) as well as monetary outcomes (e.g., wealth) and that they seek to maximize utility in both rational and extra-rational ways. After sketching our framework, we offer concrete applications in the energy use context. Our framework does not resolve all issues that may arise in the behavioral era, but it provides a means to move forward

    From path dependence to policy mixes for Nordic electric mobility: lessons for accelerating future transport transitions?

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    We examine the problem of how to accelerate policies related to electric vehicles (EVs) in the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. These four Nordic countries represent an interesting collection of cases by virtue of having common decarbonization targets extending to the transport sector, interlinked electric energy systems and a joint electricity market largely based on low-carbon energy while they are open societies bent on innovation, making them well adaptable to a transition toward electric mobility. Our analytical framework drawing from transition research, lock-in and path dependency and institutionalism enables us to discern technological, institutional and behavioral mechanisms which can have both constraining and enabling effects vis-ร -vis this transition by means of shaping national socio-technical systems and regimes. On this basis, we also discuss how to develop policies accelerating the transition. We find that the incumbent industries can shape policy choice through the lock-in into institutional inter-dependencies. The accumulation of social and material features, and vested interests of actors, for its part can maintain regime level inertia, impeding the transition. Yet, technological lock-in can also enable EVs, by means of learning effects from technologically interrelated wind energy projects and available infrastructure in buildings that support the EV charging needs. Overall, the complexity of path-dependent mechanisms embedded in the dominant regimes, together with the diversity of emerging policy mixes, demands attention both on the technologies and broader socio-technical systems in order to properly assess the prospects of transition toward electric mobility

    Bus rapid transit

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    Effective public transit is central to development. For the vast majority of developing city residents, public transit is the only practical means to access employment, education, and public services, especially when such services are beyond the viable distance of walking or cycling. Unfortunately, the current state of public transit services in developing cities often does little to serve the actual mobility needs of the population. Bus services are too often unreliable, inconvenient and dangerous. In response, transport planners and public officials have sometimes turned to extremely costly mass transit alternatives such as rail-based metros. Due to the high costs of rail infrastructure, cities can only construct such systems over a few kilometres in a few limited corridors. The result is a system that does not meet the broader transport needs of the population. Nevertheless, the municipality ends up with a long-term debt that can affect investment in more pressing areas such as health, education, water, and sanitation. However, there is an alternative between poor public transit service and high municipal debt. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) can provide high-quality, metro-like transit service at a fraction of the cost of other options. This document provides municipal officials, non-governmental organizations, consultants, and others with an introduction to the concept of BRT as well as a step-by-step process for successfully planning a BRT system

    Focusing on Consumers Different Preference Directions and Reference Points Shifting within a Random Utility Framework

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œยท์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณต, 2019. 2. ์ด์ข…์ˆ˜.In a standard (or neoclassical) economic model, such as the widely used discrete choice model for analyzing consumers choices, respondents preferences are assumed to be independent of reference points. However, in the actual decision-making process, consumers choose a product or service based on relative attribute levels, which depends on a reference point, rather than presented attribute levels of alternatives. With an emphasis on the reference point effect, which is an important aspect in heuristics, a concept related to behavior, consumer research in psycho-economics and behavioral economics has generally assumed reference-dependent preferences. Thus, a reference-dependent choice model that integrates the reference-dependent utility function into the discrete choice model has been developed. The reference-dependent choice model is used to analyze consumers asymmetric preferences for attributes of alternatives by including the loss aversion effect in the standard economic model. However, the existing reference-dependent choice model can be used to analyze only the asymmetric preferences of some attributes, such as time and cost, where consumers preferred direction is the same. When analyzing attribute for which the preferred direction is different, the loss aversion parameter and the disparity between marginal willingness to accept and marginal willingness to pay derived from the existing reference-dependent choice model are inconsistent with economic definitions. Therefore, the first objective of this study is to propose a reference-dependent choice model with consistency, which can consider the reference-dependent theory when analyzing attributes regardless of the preferred directions. Next, according to consumer studies in economics, consumers make more efforts to avoid losses, yielding a context effect of evaluating the alternative centered on some important attributes constituting the alternative. Thus, when consumers are presented with an alternative that satisfies the reference point of attributes for which there is high importance of loss aversion, an incentive arises to shift the reference point of attributes for which there is relatively low importance of loss aversion. In other words, it is possible that the reference points of consumers are shifted in terms of the choice context. Nevertheless, the existing reference-dependent choice model relies on a fixed reference point framework, and studies have hitherto not incorporated the reference point effect and the context effect on the discrete choice model. Therefore, the second objective of this study is to propose a reference points shifting rule using the relative importance of loss aversion, considering that consumers exert greater efforts to avoid an undesirable result. In addition, this study proposes an advanced reference-dependent choice model by integrating the reference points shifting rule to the reference-dependent choice model based on consistency. The advanced reference-dependent choice model is a method that better reflects the reality of the decision-making process, because it includes the reference point effect and context effect, which are the most important effects for heuristics. As a result, the methods presented in this study can improve the performance of empirical models and deepen understanding of consumers behavior.์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ค€๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์ ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์‚ฐ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ํšจ์šฉํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์†์‹คํšŒํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์  ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์  ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ ์ ์šฉ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์  ์„ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์†์‹คํšŒํ”ผ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ MWTP ๋Œ€๋น„ MWTA์˜ ๋น„์œจ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ์ •์˜์™€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํ˜ธ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์€ ์†์‹ค์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์†์‹คํšŒํ”ผ ์ค‘์š”๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์‹คํšŒํ”ผ ์ค‘์š”๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์ ์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์œ ์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„ ํƒ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์ ์€ ์ด๋™๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์‚ฐ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ค€๊ฑฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌดํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šฐ์„  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์†์‹คํšŒํ”ผ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „๋žต ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์  ์ด๋™ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ค€๊ฑฐ์  ์ด๋™ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ์˜์กด ์„ ํƒ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ค€๊ฑฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊นŠ์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background: Limitations of the Traditional and Alternative Consumer Theories 1 1.2 Research Objectives 8 1.2.1 Reference-Dependent Choice Model with Consistency 8 1.2.2 Reference-Dependent Choice Model with Context 13 1.3 Research Outline 18 Chapter 2. Literature Review 20 2.1 Traditional Consumer Choice Theory and Model 20 2.1.1 Standard Logit Model 22 2.1.2 Mixed Logit Model 25 2.1.3 Hierarchical Bayesian Logit Model 28 2.2 Alternative Consumer Choice Theory and Model 31 2.2.1 Prospect Theory 32 2.2.2 Reference-Dependent Theory 35 2.2.3 Reference-Dependent Choice Model 40 2.3 Reference Points Shifting with Decision Strategies 47 2.3.1 Heuristics in the Decision Process 47 2.3.2 Reference Points Shifting 52 2.4 Research Motivation 55 Chapter 3. Methodology 58 3.1 Methodological Framework 58 3.2 Reference-Dependent Choice Model Based on Consistency 62 3.2.1 Overview of the Model 62 3.2.2 Model Specification 64 3.3 Reference-Dependent Model Choice Based on Context 71 3.3.1 Overview of the Model 71 3.3.2 Model Specification 73 Chapter 4. Empirical Studies 83 4.1 Literature Review of Topics Related to Loss Aversion 85 4.1.1 Switching Cost and Peer Effect on Brand Loyalty 85 4.1.2 Status Quo Bias for Innovation Acceptability 87 4.2 Application Methods of Topics related to Loss Aversion 89 4.2.1 Switching Cost and Brand Loyalty 89 4.2.2 Peer effect and Brand Loyalty 90 4.2.3 Status Quo Effect and Innovation Strategy 91 4.3 Empirical Study 1: Smartphone Market of Marketing Field 94 4.3.1 Introduction 94 4.3.2 Survey Data 96 4.3.3 Estimation Results and Discussion 101 4.3.4 Conclusion and Implications 116 4.4 Empirical Study 2: Vehicle Market of Energy Field 118 4.4.1 Introduction 118 4.4.2 Survey Data 120 4.4.3 Estimation Results and Discussion 124 4.4.4 Conclusion and Implications 132 4.5 Empirical Study 3: Telemedicine Market of Health Field 136 4.5.1 Introduction 136 4.5.2 Survey Data 137 4.5.3 Estimation Results and Discussion 142 4.5.4 Conclusion and Implications 148 Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusion 150 5.1 Concluding Remarks and Contributions 150 5.2 Limitations and Future Studies 155 Bibliography 158 Appendix A: Survey Questionnaires for Smartphones 183 Appendix B: Survey Questionnaires for Vehicles 185 Appendix C: Survey Questionnaires for Telemedicine 187 Abstract (Korean) 190Docto

    Towards the next generation of smart grids: semantic and holonic multi-agent management of distributed energy resources

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    The energy landscape is experiencing accelerating change; centralized energy systems are being decarbonized, and transitioning towards distributed energy systems, facilitated by advances in power system management and information and communication technologies. This paper elaborates on these generations of energy systems by critically reviewing relevant authoritative literature. This includes a discussion of modern concepts such as โ€˜smart gridโ€™, โ€˜microgridโ€™, โ€˜virtual power plantโ€™ and โ€˜multi-energy systemโ€™, and the relationships between them, as well as the trends towards distributed intelligence and interoperability. Each of these emerging urban energy concepts holds merit when applied within a centralized grid paradigm, but very little research applies these approaches within the emerging energy landscape typified by a high penetration of distributed energy resources, prosumers (consumers and producers), interoperability, and big data. Given the ongoing boom in these fields, this will lead to new challenges and opportunities as the status-quo of energy systems changes dramatically. We argue that a new generation of holonic energy systems is required to orchestrate the interplay between these dense, diverse and distributed energy components. The paper therefore contributes a description of holonic energy systems and the implicit research required towards sustainability and resilience in the imminent energy landscape. This promotes the systemic features of autonomy, belonging, connectivity, diversity and emergence, and balances global and local system objectives, through adaptive control topologies and demand responsive energy management. Future research avenues are identified to support this transition regarding interoperability, secure distributed control and a system of systems approach

    Automobile Path Dependence in Phoenix: Driving Sustainability by Getting Off of the Pavement and Out of the Car

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    abstract: A methodology is developed that integrates institutional analysis with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to identify and overcome barriers to sustainability transitions and to bridge the gap between environmental practitioners and decisionmakers. LCA results are rarely joined with analyses of the social systems that control or influence decisionmaking and policies. As a result, LCA conclusions generally lack information about who or what controls different parts of the system, where and when the processes' environmental decisionmaking happens, and what aspects of the system (i.e. a policy or regulatory requirement) would have to change to enable lower environmental impact futures. The value of the combined institutional analysis and LCA (the IA-LCA) is demonstrated using a case study of passenger transportation in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. A retrospective LCA is developed to estimate how roadway investment has enabled personal vehicle travel and its associated energy, environmental, and economic effects. Using regional travel forecasts, a prospective life cycle inventory is developed. Alternative trajectories are modeled to reveal future "savings" from reduced roadway construction and vehicle travel. An institutional analysis matches the LCA results with the specific institutions, players, and policies that should be targeted to enable transitions to these alternative futures. The results show that energy, economic, and environmental benefits from changes in passenger transportation systems are possible, but vary significantly depending on the timing of the interventions. Transition strategies aimed at the most optimistic benefits should include 1) significant land-use planning initiatives at the local and regional level to incentivize transit-oriented development infill and urban densification, 2) changes to state or federal gasoline taxes, 3) enacting a price on carbon, and 4) nearly doubling vehicle fuel efficiency together with greater market penetration of alternative fuel vehicles. This aggressive trajectory could decrease the 2050 energy consumption to 1995 levels, greenhouse gas emissions to 1995, particulate emissions to 2006, and smog-forming emissions to 1972. The potential benefits and costs are both private and public, and the results vary when transition strategies are applied in different spatial and temporal patterns.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Sustainability 201
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