Stratum Displacement Law and Intelligent Optimization Control Based on Intelligent Fuzzy Control Theory During Shield Tunneling

The laws of Stratum displacement and optimal control are critical for shield operation. This article’s focus is made on the intelligent fuzzy control theory concentrating on earth pressure, total thrust, driving speed, cutter torque, grouting pressure and grouting volume as the main elements of the study. A model of intelligent fuzzy control theory based on the model of No. 9 Line of Guangzhu Rail transit, on the Tianma river shield section. The paper also analyzes stratum displacement law due to shield tunnelling, executes & analyses intelligent controls for optimization of parameters, combining the five two-dimensional structures of the double structure of fuzzy control system. According to the observations made on the model. The model is upto date and the control of all parameters develops stably. The parameter ranges should be controlled as follows: earth pressure, 0.19 ~ 0.22Mpa; total thrust, 1100 ~ 1350T; driving speed, 38 ~ 50mm / min; cutter torque, 1600 ~ 2300 KN • m; grouting pressure, 0.19 ~ 0.25Mpa and grouting volume, 30 ~ 50L/min. Keywords: Shield tunnel, intelligent fuzzy control, Stratum displacement, optimal control DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-6-01 Publication date:October 31st 202

Análise da subsidencia xerada pola escavación de dous túneles utilizando máquinas tuneladoras EPB (Earth Pressure Balance). Estudio da relación entre as variables de perforación e os asentamentos inducidos.

Currently the development in the use of underground space in urban environments is being instrumental in the planning and management of cities. This use of underground space arises as a result of the growth of cities, demanding infrastructure that accommodate and respond to all that the city needs demand. One of the key pieces to carry out sustainable urban development is improving its transport and communication. For this, new rail and road networks are being designed and implemented using the latest technologies in underground excavations. An example of development of underground space for improving the transport network is the one that is running in London; Crossrail. Crossrail is the largest underground construction project that is currently underway in Europe. It is the development of a new railway network that would connect the West Zone (Reading) with the East (Abbey Wood and Shenfield) London area, through the British capital. A total of 42 km of tunnels have been excavated tunnel boring machines used. 10 sections of tunnels have been dug with 8 TBMs that have passed under the city, sharing space with the underground network in London, the Thames river, large Racacielos, old foundations, stations, collectors and underground rivers at depths up 40 m. This urban environment requires absolute control of the subsidence that may arise. The objective is to determine the influence that the excavation of two tunnels by EPB, has generated over the seats and set a proceeding that, depending on the evolution of the excavation, anticipate the possibility of generating a seat surface.Actualmente el desarrollo en el uso del espacio subterraneo en entornos urbanos esta siendo pieza clave en la planificacion y gestion de las ciudades. Este uso del espacio subterrano surge como la consecuencia del crecimiento de las ciudades, demandando infraestructuras que den cabida y respuesta a todas las necesidades que la ciudad demanda. Una de las piezas clave para poder llevar a cabo un desarrollo urbano sostenible es la mejora de su red de transporte y comunicacion. Para ello, nuevas redes ferroviarias y viarias se estan diseñando y ejecutando, utilizando las ultimas tecnologias en excavaciones subterraneas. Un ejemplo de desarrollo del espacio subterraneo para la mejora de la red de transporte es el que se esta ejecutando en Londres; Crossrail. Crossrail es el mayor proyecto de construccion subterraneo que se esta realizando actualmente en Europa. Consiste en el desarrollo de una nueva red ferroviaria que conectara la la zona Oeste (Reading) con la zona Este (Abbey Wood y Shenfield) de Londres, atravesando la capital britanica. Un total de 42 km de tuneles han sido excavados utilizado maquinas tuneladoras. 10 tramos de tuneles se han excavado con 8 tuneladoras que han pasado por debajo de la ciudad, compartiendo el espacio con la red de metro de Londres, el rio Thames, grandes racacielos, antiguas cimentaciones, estaciones, colectores y rios subterraneas a profundidades de hasta 40 m. Este entorno urbano exige un control absoluto de las subsidencias que se puedan generar. El objetivo es determinar la influencia que la excavacion de dos tuneles mediante EPB, tiene sobre los asientos generados y establecer un procedimento que, en funcion de la evolucion de la excavacion, anticipe la posibilidad de generar un asiento en superficie.Actualmente o desenvolvemento no uso do espazo subterráneo en ambientes urbanos está fundamental para a planificación e xestión das cidades. Este uso subterrano espazo xorde como resultado do crecemento das cidades, esixindo infraestrutura que acomodar e responder a todo o que a cidade ten demanda. Unha das pezas clave para levar a cabo o desenvolvemento urbano sostible e mellorar o seu transporte e comunicación. Para iso, novas redes ferroviarias e estradas están sendo deseñados e implementados utilizando as recentes tecnoloxías en escavacións subterráneas. Un exemplo de desenvolvemento do espazo subterráneo para mellorar a rede de transporte é o que está a ser executado en Londres; Crossrail. Crossrail é o maior proxecto de construción subterránea que está actualmente en curso en Europa. É o desenvolvemento dunha nova rede ferroviaria que ligaría a Zona Oeste (Reading) co Oriente (Abbey Wood e Shenfield) Área de Londres, a través da capital británica. Un total de 42 km de túneles foron excavados túnel máquinas de perforación usados. 10 seccións de túneles foron escavados con 8 TBM que pasaron baixo a cidade, dividindo espazo coa rede de metro de Londres, o río Támesis, gran Racacielos, fundacións antigas, estacións, recolectores e ríos subterráneos en profundidades de ata 40 m. Este ambiente urbano esixe control absoluto da subsidência que poida xurdir. O obxectivo é determinar a influencia que a escavación de túneles por dous EPB, xerou ao longo dos asentos e establecer un proceso que, dependendo da evolución da excavación, prevista a posibilidade de xerar unha superficie de asento

Electricity from photovoltaic solar cells: Flat-Plate Solar Array Project final Report. Volume III: Silicon sheet: wafers and ribbons

The Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, funded by the U.S. Government and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was formed in 1975 to develop the module/array technology needed to attain widespread terrestrial use of photovoltaics by 1985. To accomplish this, the FSA Project established and managed an Industry, University, and Federal Government Team to perform the needed research and development. The primary objective of the Silicon Sheet Task of the FSA Project was the development of one or more low-cost technologies for producing silicon sheet suitable for processing into cost-eompetitive solar cells. Silicon sheet refers to high-purity crystalline silicon of size and thickness for fabrication into solar cells. The Task effort began with state-of-the-art sheet technologies and then solicited and supported any new silicon sheet alternatives that had the potential to achieve the Project goals. A total of 48 contracts were awarded that covered work in the areas of ingot growth and casting, wafering, ribbon growth, other sheet technologies, and programs of supportive research. Periodic reviews of each sheet technology were held, assessing the technical progress and the long-range potential. Technologies that failed to achieve their promise, or seemed to have lower probabilities for success in comparison with others, were dropped. A series of workshops was initiated to assess the state of the art, to provide insights into problems remaining to be addressed, and to support technology transfer. The Task made and fostered significant improvements in silicon sheet including processing of both ingot and ribbon technologies. An additional important outcome was the vastly improved understanding of the characteristics associated with high-quality sheet, and the control of the parameters required for higher efficiency solar cells. Although significant sheet cost reductions were made, the technology advancements required to meet the Task cost goals were not achieved. This FSA Final Report (JPL Publication 86-31, 5101-289, DOE/JPL 1012-125, October 1986) is composed of eight volumes, consisting of an Executive Summary and seven technology reports: Volume I: Executive Summary. Volume II: Silicon Material. Volume III: Silicon Sheet: Wafers and Ribbons Volume IV: High-Efficiency Solar Celis. Volume V: Process Development. Volume VI: Engineering Sciences and Reliability. Volume VII: Module Encapsulation. Volume VIII: Project Analysis and Integration. Two supplemental reports included in the final report package are: FSA Project: 10 Years of Progress, JPL Document 400-279. 5101-279, October 1985. Summary of FSA Project Documentation: Abstracts of Published Documents, 1975 to 1986, JPL Publication 82-79 (Revision 1),5101-221, DOE/JPL-1 012-76, September 1986

Advanced Underground Space Technology

The recent development of underground space technology makes underground space a potential and feasible solution to climate change, energy shortages, the growing population, and the demands on urban space. Advances in material science, information technology, and computer science incorporating traditional geotechnical engineering have been extensively applied to sustainable and resilient underground space applications. The aim of this Special Issue, entitled “Advanced Underground Space Technology”, is to gather original fundamental and applied research related to the design, construction, and maintenance of underground space

NASA patent abstracts bibliography: A continuing bibliography. Section 1: Abstracts (supplement 37)

Abstracts are provided for 76 patents and patent applications entered into the NASA scientific and technical information systems during the period January 1990 through June 1990. Each entry consists of a citation, an abstract, and in most cases, a key illustration selected from the patent or patent application

Earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunneling in Bangkok : ground response and prediction of surface settlements using artificial neural networks

Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.Vita.Includes bibliographical references.Although Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shields have been used for several decades, very little information exists about the actual mechanisms of shield-ground interaction. The ground response mechanism induced by EPB tunneling is difficult to understand, because this requires not only reliable ground deformation measurements in the field but also operational records of the shield. Numerous empirical and analytical relations between characteristics of traditional shields and surface and subsurface deformations exist; also 2-D and 3-D numerical analyses have been applied to such tunneling problems. However, very few approaches have been developed for EPB tunneling. This research makes use of the fact that in the Bangkok MRTA project, data on ground deformation and shield operation were collected. The tunnel sizes are practically identical and the subsurface conditions over long distances are comparable, which allow one to establish relationships between ground characteristics and EPB-operation on the one hand, and surface and subsurface deformations on the other hand. A computerized database, which records much of the information on a ring-by-ring (1.2 meter interval) basis, was developed for this purpose. After using the information to identify which ground- and EPB-characteristic have the greatest influence on ground movements, an approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was used to develop predictive relations. Since the method has the ability to map input to output patterns, ANN enable one to map all influencing parameters to surface settlements.(cont.) Combining the extensive computerized database and the knowledge of what influences the surface settlements, ANN can become a useful predictive method. This research attempts to evaluate the potential as well as the limitations of ANN for predicting surface settlements caused by EPB shield tunneling and to develop optimal neural network models for this purpose. Specifically, this involves settlement predictions over the tunnel axes of single and twin tunnels; together with other interpretations, it is also possible to predict settlement troughs. Other shield effects such as lateral deformation and liner deformation of the first tunnel caused by the second tunnel are also evaluated.by Suchatvee Suwansawat.Sc.D

Sowing time, false seedbed, row distance and mechanical weed control in organic winter wheat.

In organic farming, mechanical weed control in winter wheat is often difficult to carry out in the fall, and may damage the crop, and weed harrowing in the spring is not effective against erect, tap-rooted weeds such as Tripleurospermum inodorum, Papaver rhoeas, Brassica napus and others which have been established in the autumn. Some experiments concerning sowing strategy and intensity of mechanical weed control, which included row distance, were conducted. The results underline the importance of choosing weed control strategy, including preventive measures, according to the weed flora in the field. In the experiment with low weed pressure and without erect weeds, there was very little effect of sowing strategy and row distance. In such a case, the winter wheat might as well be sown early, in order to avoid possible yield loss by later sowing, and at normal row distance to enhance the competitiveness of the crop. In the experiments with high weed pressure and erect weeds, the weed control was better with late sowing and large row distance (high intensity control), even though this was not always reflected in the yield. However, the trade-off for lower input to the soil seed bank in organic systems should be enough to balance off the risk of smaller yield

Oral application of L-menthol in the heat: From pleasure to performance

When menthol is applied to the oral cavity it presents with a familiar refreshing sensation and cooling mint flavour. This may be deemed hedonic in some individuals, but may cause irritation in others. This variation in response is likely dependent upon trigeminal sensitivity toward cold stimuli, suggesting a need for a menthol solution that can be easily personalised. Menthol’s characteristics can also be enhanced by matching colour to qualitative outcomes; a factor which can easily be manipulated by practitioners working in athletic or occupational settings to potentially enhance intervention efficacy. This presentation will outline the efficacy of oral menthol application for improving time trial performance to date, either via swilling or via co-ingestion with other cooling strategies, with an emphasis upon how menthol can be applied in ecologically valid scenarios. Situations in which performance is not expected to be enhanced will also be discussed. An updated model by which menthol may prove hedonic, satiate thirst and affect ventilation will also be presented, with the potential performance implications of these findings discussed and modelled. Qualitative reflections from athletes that have implemented menthol mouth swilling in competition, training and maximal exercise will also be included