Microcirculation Perfusion Monitor on the Back of the Health Volunteers

Objective. To observe the dermal microcirculation blood perfusion characterization of meridians channels (acupoints). Methods. 20 healthy human subjects were monitored using Pericam Perfusion Speckle Imager (PSI) for the changes in dermal microcirculation blood perfusion on governor meridian and other respective dermal regions as a control. Result. The microcirculation blood perfusion on Governor Meridian is higher than its control area. Conclusion. The dermal microcirculation blood perfusion on certain parts of Governor Meridian of healthy human subjects showed specifics

An Investigation into Noxious Mechanosensation, and the Role of Peripheral Neuron Subpopulations in Pain

This thesis uses transgenic mice to explore the role of candidate and known mechanotransducers in acute mechanical pain. It also utilises transgenics to ablate whole populations of sensory neurons in mice to establish what role these also have in pain, both under normal and inflammatory conditions. The water and ion channel Aquaporin 1 (Aqp1) is preferentially expressed in the small diameter neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These are responsible for nociception, and Aqp1 has previously been implicated in pain sensation. Its role in acute mechanical pain has not fully been explored. By using global Aqp1 knockout (Aqp1KO) mice and mechano-clamp electrophysiology I am the first to demonstrate that Aqp1 contributes to the mechanically activated (MA) currents associated with pain sensing in nociceptors. However, it does not produce MA currents when expressed in naïve cells. Aqp1 is necessary for normal mechanical pain in vivo as Aqp1KO animals have an increased mechanical pain threshold. Thus, it is unlikely that Aqp1 is a pore-forming component of a noxious mechanotransducer but may form part of a membrane complex essential to mechanical pain sensation. Piezo2 is a known mammalian mechanotransducer and is responsible for light touch sensation and proprioception. It’s contribution to mechanical pain under pathological conditions is established but it’s role in acute mechanical pain remains controversial. I generate mice with a nociceptor-specific Piezo2 deletion and again use a combination of electrophysiological and behavioural assays to demonstrate that Piezo2 is not required for acute noxious mechanosensation. Thus, my data confirms that the mechanotransducer responsible for mechanical pain remains ambiguous. Finally I study the role of the cutaneous population of Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) sensory neurons in pain. This population is required for innocuous mechanical sensation including vibration sensing. By genetically ablating PV+ neurons to generate ‘PVDTA’ mice, I provide evidence that these neurons are necessary for negatively regulating the thermal, mechanical, and inflammatory pain response, as behaving animals are hypersensitive to these insults. I am the first to propose that cutaneous PV+ neurons are responsible for closing the so-called ‘pain gate’ in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Further evidence for this comes from an in vivo electrophysiological study of dorsal horn neurons in PVDTA mice, which exhibit increased excitability as a consequence of noxious stimulation. In vivo DRG neuron imaging in animals expressing a reporter protein in PV+ sensory neurons show that these neurons are capable of responding to noxious stimuli, thus solidifying this hypothesis

The effects of musical tempo and non-invasive neuromodulation on autonomic control of the heart

Music is viewed as conferring health benefits, with tempo being the most influential parameter for altering human physiology and psychology. However, this work has used stimuli that manipulate multiple musical parameters at a time. Therefore, this thesis investigated the effects of musical tempo manipulations on cardiovascular autonomic function and subjective responses. Tempo manipulations comprised of stepped (sudden) increases and decreases in the speed of a simple beat pattern and heart rate variability estimated autonomic balance. Shifts towards parasympathetic predominance occurred for the stepped decrease in tempo stimulus but not for the stepped increase in tempo. When using more musically sophisticated stimuli, greatest vagal tone occurred for the slowest tempo (60bpm) of the stepped decrease in tempo stimulus. Autonomic function did not differ between an experimental (melody and rhythm) and control group (rhythm only). However, the latter experienced greater subjective arousal than the former. Growing interest in wearable technologies led to the testing of a wearable device that combined relaxation music with transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (tVNS). tVNS is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that administers small electrical impulses to the outer ear to stimulate the auricular vagus nerve. Both stimuli individually promote shifts towards parasympathetic predominance. It was anticipated that music combined with tVNS would elicit the greatest shifts towards parasympathetic predominance. However, the sham was equally as effective as music only, tVNS only, and their combination at altering autonomic activity. Autonomic responses to all stimuli employed in the thesis were predicted by baseline LF%. These findings suggest that music and wearables may be susceptible to placebo effects