Aspects of structure and bonding in carbocations and plasma polymers, with particular emphasis on the use of ESCA

Since photoionisation occurs on a timescale which is rapid compared with that of nuclear notion. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) is an ideal technique to study (controversial) carbocations in which potentially rapid rearrangement may be occurring. Previous attempts at (parts of) this work have not produced totally accepted results. In this work a method is presented for the preparation of carbocations in situ in the source of an ESCA spectrometer, by the use of molecular beams. Preparation of the t-butyl cation by ionisation of the chloride using antimony pentafluoride was concluded to be a gas-phase reaction. This was contrasted with the probable gas-surface nature of the protonation of alkenes using fluorosulphuric acid, Which has led to the successful ESCA dbservation of both the 2-norbomyl and sec-butyl cations. The experimental C(_1s) core-hole spectra of the solid-state species are close to those predicted theoretically for the nonclassical 2-norbomyl cation and the partially methyl-bridged sec-butyl cation. The ability to study amorphous thin films is another important facet of the ESCA technique which has been exploited in the study of plasma polymers produced in an inductively-coupled RF glow-discharge flow reactor. The study was specifically aimed at the incorporation of metals into a perfluorobenzene plasma polymer by attempting to evaporate the metal from a resistively heated molybdenum coil. This was unsuccessful and the major metal incorporation was of molybdenum oxides, though these were present in amounts comparable with those in samples previously produced by an etching mechanism. Since theoretical calculations are one method of "probing" reactive media, semi-enpirical molecular-orbital calculations (MNDO) have been performed on an extensive series of species vAiich are potential intermediates in perfluorodiaza- benzene plasmas (in particular the valence isomers) to gain some insight into these systems in an attempt to rationalise experimentally determined (ESCA) data

The Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Compounds with Medicinal Value

The book explores issues concerning the design, synthetic methods and biological evaluation of molecules of pharmaceutical interest

Towards a circular economy: fabrication and characterization of biodegradable plates from sugarcane waste

Bagasse pulp is a promising material to produce biodegradable plates. Bagasse is the fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. It is a renewable resource and is widely available in many countries, making it an attractive alternative to traditional plastic plates. Recent research has shown that biodegradable plates made from Bagasse pulp have several advantages over traditional plastic plates. For example, they are more environmentally friendly because they are made from renewable resources and can be composted after use. Additionally, they are safer for human health because they do not contain harmful chemicals that can leach into food. The production process for Bagasse pulp plates is also relatively simple and cost-effective. Bagasse is first collected and then processed to remove impurities and extract the pulp. The pulp is then molded into the desired shape and dried to form a sturdy plate. Overall, biodegradable plates made from Bagasse pulp are a promising alternative to traditional plastic plates. They are environmentally friendly, safe for human health, and cost-effective to produce. As such, they have the potential to play an important role in reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainable practices. Over the years, the world was not paying strict attention to the impact of rapid growth in plastic use. As a result, uncontrollable volumes of plastic garbage have been released into the environment. Half of all plastic garbage generated worldwide is made up of packaging materials. The purpose of this article is to offer an alternative by creating bioplastic goods that can be produced in various shapes and sizes across various sectors, including food packaging, single-use tableware, and crafts. Products made from bagasse help address the issue of plastic pollution. To find the optimum option for creating bagasse-based biodegradable dinnerware in Egypt and throughout the world, researchers tested various scenarios. The findings show that bagasse pulp may replace plastics in biodegradable packaging. As a result of this value-added utilization of natural fibers, less waste and less of it ends up in landfills. The practical significance of this study is to help advance low-carbon economic solutions and to produce secure bioplastic materials that can replace Styrofoam in tableware and food packaging production