Cyberchondria i lęk o zdrowie w dobie dezinformacji

Cyberchondria to stan, w którym nadmierne obawy o zdrowie są wywoływane przez powtarzane wyszukiwania informacji w Internecie. Objawy w postaci kompulsyjnych prób samodiagnozy on­‑line utrzymują się, a nawet nasilają po kolejnych sesjach wyszukiwań, co stanowi mechanizm swoistego błędnego koła. Cyberchondria jako odrębny fenomen zajmuje coraz istotniejszą pozycję pośród innych dysfunkcji natury psychicznej oraz dezadaptacyjnych stylów poznawczych. Niektórzy autorzy sugerują, że cyberchondria może hamować zdolności samoregulacji emocjonalnej jednostek i prowadzić do mniejszej odporności na powszechną dezinformację. Zalew ogromną ilością trudnych do zweryfikowania informacji, nazwany w czasie pandemii COVID­‑19 infodemią, może sprzyjać nasilaniu objawów cyberchondrii. Opanowanie podobnych zjawisk i zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego podczas globalnych kryzysów zdrowotnych stanowi jedno z głównych wyzwań stojących przed instytucjami zaufania publicznego.Cyberchondria is a condition in which excessive health concerns are triggered by repeated searches for information on the Internet. Symptoms in the form of compulsive online self­‑diagnosis persist, and even worsen, after subsequent search sessions. The above equates to a vicious circle mechanism. Cyberchondria, as a separate phenomenon, occupies an increasingly important position among other mental dysfunctions and maladaptive cognitive styles. Some authors suggest that cyberchondria may inhibit the emotional self­‑regulation abilities of individuals and lead to less resistance to widespread misinformation. Overloading with sizeable amounts of information that is difficult to verify is another important phenomenon. This is referred to as infodemic. Throughout the COVID­‑19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that such practices may have exacerbated several symptoms of cyberchondria. Managing such problems and ensuring the proliferation of information security during global crises are just a couple of the serious challenges faced by institutions of public trust.Mariusz Duplaga - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w KrakowieMateusz Kobryn - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w KrakowieAmerican Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5), Washington 2013 (5th ed.).Arsenakis S., Chatton A., Penzenstadler L., Billieux J., Berle D., Starcevic V., Viswasam K., Khazaal Y, Unveiling the Relationships between Cyberchondria and Psychopathological Symptoms, „Journal of Psychiatric Research” 2021, No. 143, s. 254–261.Ayşegül D. B., Ertürk İ. Ş., Gör N., Kömürcü Akik B., The Pathways from Distress Tolerance to Cyberchondria: A Multiple­‑Group Path Model of Young and Middle Adulthood Samples, „Current Psychology” 2021, Vol. 40, No. 11, s. 5718–5726.Bahçecioğlu Turan G., Ozer Z., Teke N., Relation Between Perception of Control of COVID­‑19 Pandemic and Cyberchondria Levels in Individuals With Chronic Diseases, „Archives of Health Science and Research” 2021, Vol. 8, No. 3, s. 160–168.Bargain O., Aminjonov U., Trust and Compliance to Public Health Policies in Times of COVID­‑19, „Journal of Public Economics” 2020, No. 192, s. 104316.Bäuerle A., Teufel M., Musche V., Weismüller B., Kohler H., Hetkamp M., Dör rie N., Schweda A., Skoda E. M., Increased Generalized Anxiety, Depression and Distress during the COVID­‑19 Pandemic: A Cross­‑Sectional Study in Germany, „Journal of Public Health” 2020, Vol. 42, No. 4, s. 672–678.Bhaumik U., Nayok S., Cyberchondria: An Emerging Entity in COVID­‑19 Pandemic and Thereafter, „European Psychiatry” 2021, Vol. 64, No. 1, s. 298–298.Bilikiewicz A., Psychiatria: podręcznik dla studentów medycyny, Warszawa 2007.Blackburn J., Fischerauer S. F., Talaei­‑Khoei M., Chen N. C., Oh L. S., Vranceanu A. M., What Are the Implications of Excessive Internet Searches for Medical Information by Orthopaedic Patients?, „Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research” 2019, Vol. 477, No. 12, s. 2665–2673.Duplaga M., Grysztar M., The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID­‑19 Pandemic: A Cross­‑Sectional Study, „Healthcare” 2021, Vol. 9, No. 1, s. 43.Farooq A., Laato S., Najmul Islam A. K. M., Impact of Online Information on Self­‑Isolation Intention During the COVID­‑19 Pandemic: Cross­‑Sectional Study, „Journal of Medical Internet Research” 2020, Vol. 22, No. 5, s. 19128.Garcia­‑Priego B. A., Triana­‑Romero A., Pinto­‑Galvez S. A., Duran­‑Ramos C., Salas­‑Nolasco O., Manriquez Reyes M., Troche J. M.R., Anxiety, Depression, Attitudes, and Internet Addiction during the Initial Phase of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID­‑19) Epidemic: A Cross­‑Sectional Study in Mexico, „Public Global Health” 2020, No. 1, s. 10–12.Han L., Zhan Y., Li W., Xu Y., Zhao J., Associations Between the Perceived Seve rity of the COVID­‑19 Pandemic, Cyberchondria, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Lockdown Experience: Cross­‑Sectional Survey Study, „JMIR Public Health and Surveillance” 2021, Vol. 7, No. 9, s. 31052.Hashemi S., Ghasem S., Hosseinnezhad S., Dini S., Griffiths M. D., Lin C. Y., Pakpour A. H., The Mediating Effect of the Cyberchondria and Anxiety Sensitivity in the Association between Problematic Internet Use, Metacognition Beliefs, and Fear of COVID­‑19 among Iranian Online Population, „Heliyon” 2020, Vol. 6, No. 10, s. 5135.Jokic­‑Begic N., Lauri Korajlija A., Mikac U., Cyberchondria in the Age of COVID­‑19, „PLOS ONE” 2020, Vol. 15, No. 12, s. 243704.Jungmann S. M., Witthöft M., Health Anxiety, Cyberchondria, and Coping in the Current COVID­‑19 Pandemic: Which Factors Are Related to Coronavirus Anxiety?, „Journal of Anxiety Disorders” 2020, No. 73, s. 102239.Jupowicz­‑Ginalska A., Jasiewicz A. J., Kisilowska M., Baran T., Wysocki A., Fear of Missing out a korzystanie z urządzeń umożliwiających dostęp do mediów społecznościowych na podstawie badań polskich internautów, „Forum Socjologiczne” 2019, nr 9, s. 219–247.Kępiński A., Psychopatologia nerwic, Kraków 2002.Khazaal Y., Chatton A., Rochat L., Hede V., Viswasam K., Penzenstadler L., Berle D., Starcevic V., Compulsive Health­‑Related Internet Use and Cyberchondria, „European Addiction Research” 2021, Vol. 27, No. 1, s. 58–66.Kouzy R., Abi Jaoude J., Kraitem A., El Alam M. B., Karam B, Adib E., Zarka J., Traboulsi C., Akl E., Baddour K., Coronavirus Goes Viral: Quantifying the COVID­‑19 Misinformation Epidemic on Twitter, „Cureus” 2020, Vol. 13, No. 12(3), s. 7255.Laato S., Najmul Islam A. K. M., Islam M. N., Whelan E., What Drives Unverified Information Sharing and Cyberchondria during the COVID­‑19 Pandemic?, „European Journal of Information Systems” 2020, Vol, 29, No. 3, s. 288–305.Lee K., Hoti K., David Hughes J., Emmerton L., Dr Google and the Consu mer: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Navigational Needs and Online Health Information­‑Seeking Behaviors of Consumers With Chronic Health Conditions, „Journal of Medical Internet Research” 2014, Vol. 16, No. 12, s. 262–271, https://www.jmir.org/2014/12/e262/PDF [dostęp: 7.06.2022].Mahfouz A., Esraa D., Ashraf Atta S. M. S., Fatemah A. M., Cyberchondria Severity, Health Anxiety, and Health Locus of Control: The Mediation Role of Covid­‑19 Anxiety, „ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry” 2021, Vol. 22, No. 2, s. 1–11.McMullan M., Patients Using the Internet to Obtain Health Information: How This Affects the Patient–Health Professional Relationship, „Patient Education and Counseling” 2006, Vol. 63, No. 1, s. 24–28.Moghanibashi­‑Mansourieh A., Assessing the Anxiety Level of Iranian General Population during COVID­‑19 Outbreak, „Asian Journal of Psychiatry” 2020, No. 51, s. 102076,Muse K., McManus F., Leung C., Meghreblian B., Williams J. M. G., Cyberchondriasis: Fact or Fiction? A Preliminary Examination of the Relationship between Health Anxiety and Searching for Health Information on the Internet, „Journal of Anxiety Disorders” 2012, Vol. 26, No. 1, s. 189–196.Odile H., Van Den A., Veale D., Stein D. J., Hypochondriasis: Considerations for ICD­‑11, „Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria” 2014, Vol. 36, No. 1, s. 21–27.Okan O., Messer M., Levin­‑Zamir D., Paakkari L., Sørensen K., Health Literacy as a Social Vaccine in the COVID­‑19 Pandemic, „Health Promotion International” 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daab197.Ovalle­‑Quiñones M., Vásquez­‑Tirado G. A., Cibercondría: Un Nuevo Ente Clínico En El Contexto de La Pandemia Por COVID­‑19, „Revista Del Cuerpo Médico Del HNAAA” 2020, Vol. 13, No. 4, s. 418–426.Pappa S., Ntella V., Giannakas T., Giannakoulis V. G., Papoutsi E., Katsaounou P., Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia among Healthcare Workers dur­ing the COVID­‑19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta­‑Analysis, „Brain, Behavior and Immunity” 2020, No. 88, s. 901–907.Schenkel S. K., Jungmann S. M., Gropalis M., Witthöft M., Conceptualizations of Cyberchondria and Relations to the Anxiety Spectrum: Systematic Review and Meta­‑Analysis, „Journal of Medical Internet Research” 2021, Vol. 23, No. 11, s. 27835.Schimmenti A., Billieux J., Starcevic V., The Four Horsemen of Fear: An Integrated Model of Understanding Fear Experiences during the COVID­‑19 Pandemic, „Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation” 2020, Vol. 17, No. 2, s. 41–45.Shankar A., Hamer M., McMunn A., Steptoe A., Social Isolation and Loneliness, „Psychosomatic Medicine” 2013, Vol. 75, No. 2, s. 161–170.Starcevic V., Schimmenti A., Billieux J., Berle D., Cyberchondria in the Time of the COVID‐19 Pandemic, „Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies” 2020, Vol. 3, No. 1, s. 53–62.Tang F., Liang J., Zhang H., Kelifa M. M., He Q., Wang P., COVID­‑19 Related Depression and Anxiety among Quarantined Respondents, „Psychology & Health” 2021, Vol. 36, No. 2, s. 164–178.Taranowicz I., Rola społeczna chorego, [w:] Barański J., Piątkowski W. (red.), Zdrowie i choroba: Wybrane problemy socjologii medycyny, Wrocław 2002.Taylor S., Landry C. A., Paluszek M. M., Fergus T. A., McKay D., Asmundson G. J. G., COVID Stress Syndrome: Concept, Structure, and Correlates, „Depression and Anxiety” 2020, Vol. 37, No. 8, s. 706–714.Van Riel N., Auwerx K., Debbaut P., Van Hees S., Schoenmakers B., The effect of Dr Google on doctor­‑patient encounters in primary care: a quantitative, observational, cross­‑sectional study, „BJGP Open” 2017, Vol. 17, No. 1(2), s. 17–27, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317004016_The_effect_of_Dr_Google_on_doctor-_patient_encounters_in_primary_care_a_quantitative_observational_cross-sectional_studysectional_study [dostęp: 7.06.2022].Vanin J. R., Overview of Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, [w:] J. R. Vavin, J.D. Helsley (red.), Anxiety disorders: A pocket guide for primary care, New Jersey 2008, s. 1–18.Varma R., Das S., Singh T., Cyberchondria Amidst COVID­‑19 Pandemic: Challenges and Management Strategies, „Front Psychiatry” 2021, No. 12, s. 618508.Vismara M., Caricasole V., Starcevic V., Cinosi E., Dell’Osso B., Martinotti G., Fineberg N. A., Is Cyberchondria a New Transdiagnostic Digital Compulsive Syndrome? A Systematic Review of the Evidence, „Comprehensive Psychiatry” 2020, No. 99, s. 152167.White R. W., Horvitz E., Predicting Escalations of Medical Queries Based on Web Page Structure and Content, Proceeding of the 33rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval – SIGIR ’10, ACM Press, New York 2010.Wu X., Nazari N., Griffiths M. D., Using Fear and Anxiety Related to COVID­‑19 to Predict Cyberchondria: Cross­‑Sectional Survey Study, „Journal of Medical Internet Research” 2021, Vol. 23, No. 6, s. 26285.Zangoulechi Z., Yousefi Z., Keshavarz N., The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Obsessive­‑Compulsive Symptoms in the Prediction of Cyberchondria, „Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine” 2018, Vol. 6, No. 4, s. 1–6.14316

International Society for Disease Surveillance Conference 2011: Building the Future of Public Health Surveillance: Building the Future of Public Health Surveillance

Daniel Reidpath - ORCID: 0000-0002-8796-0420 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8796-04204pubpub1117

Behavioural Inhibition and Childhood Anxiety: Interventions and the Role of Peer Relationships

Background: Behavioural inhibition (BI), a temperament style characterised by shy, quiet, or restrained behaviours when exposed to novel situations, has consistently been identified as a key risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. This thesis aims to examine whether psychological interventions targeting BI are efficacious in reducing BI and anxiety (symptoms and diagnosis) in preschool-aged children. It also aims to examine the longitudinal relationship between BI, peer relationship difficulties, and anxiety in a cohort of young children over an 8-year period. Method: The efficacy of interventions targeting BI in preschool-aged children was examined by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis consisting of 10 studies (N = 1475 children, aged 3 – 7 years). The empirical study included a cohort of 202 preschool-aged children initially assessed as behaviourally inhibited (n = 102) and behaviourally uninhibited (BUI; n = 100) at baseline. Peer relationship difficulties were assessed at baseline, 2-year, 5-year and 8-year follow-ups. Anxiety symptoms and disorders were assessed at baseline and at 8-year follow-up. Results: Intervention significantly reduced behavioural inhibition when outcomes were reported by parents (SMD = -.42) and teachers (SMD = -.69), but not when assessed by observers (SMD = -.13). Additionally, intervention significantly reduced anxiety symptoms when reported by parents (SMD = -.35) but not for anxiety diagnosis (OR = .39). Results of the empirical study indicated that BI children generally exhibited higher levels of peer relationship difficulties than BUI children across time-points. Peer relationship difficulties across time-points were significantly associated with and predictive of anxiety disorders at age 12 generally. Finally, peer relationship difficulties moderated the longitudinal relationship between BI and anxiety diagnosis predominantly when the difficulties were reported by mothers. Conclusion: Intervention targeted at BI preschool-aged children may be effective in reducing BI and anxiety symptoms (but not disorder). Moreover, children’s peer relationship difficulties across development impacts on their anxiety diagnosis in early adolescence

Actor based behavioural simulation as an aid for organisational decision making

Decision-making is a critical activity for most of the modern organizations to stay competitive in rapidly changing business environment. Effective organisational decision-making requires deep understanding of various organisational aspects such as its goals, structure, business-as-usual operational processes, environment where it operates, and inherent characteristics of the change drivers that may impact the organisation. The size of a modern organisation, its socio-technical characteristics, inherent uncertainty, volatile operating environment, and prohibitively high cost of the incorrect decisions make decision-making a challenging endeavor. While the enterprise modelling and simulation technologies have evolved into a mature discipline for understanding a range of engineering, defense and control systems, their application in organisational decision-making is considerably low. Current organisational decision-making approaches that are prevalent in practice are largely qualitative. Moreover, they mostly rely on human experts who are often aided with the primitive technologies such as spreadsheets and visual diagrams. This thesis argues that the existing modelling and simulation technologies are neither suitable to represent organisation and decision artifacts in a comprehensive and machine-interpretable form nor do they comprehensively address the analysis needs. An approach that advances the modelling abstraction and analysis machinery for organisational decision-making is proposed. In particular, this thesis proposes a domain specific language to represent relevant aspects of an organisation for decision-making, establishes the relevance of a bottom-up simulation technique as a means for analysis, and introduces a method to utilise the proposed modelling abstraction, analysis technique, and analysis machinery in an effective and convenient manner

Embedding risk management within new product and service development of an innovation and risk management framework and supporting risk processes, for effective risk mitigation : an action research study within the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Sector

At first glance, innovation and risk management seem like two opposing disciplines with diverse objectives. The former seeks to be flexible and encourages enhanced solutions and new ideas, while the latter can be seen as stifling such innovative thinking. Since there is a failure rate of as many as eight out of every ten products launched, it is perhaps necessary for organisations to consider applying more structured approaches to innovation, in order to better manage risks and to increase the chances of delivering improved goods and services. A risk management approach is well suited to address the challenge of failure, as it focuses not only on the negative impact of risks but also on the opportunities they present. It aligns these with the strategic objectives of the organisation to increase the chances of its success. The research objective of this study was to establish how to embed risk management within the innovation divisions of an organisation to ensure that more efficient products and services are delivered to customers. To achieve this end, action research was conducted in a large organisation operating in a high-technology environment that launches many diverse products and services and rapidly expanding service offerings to other industries. The study took four years to complete and delivered multiple interventions that successfully embedded risk management within the organisation, leading to changed behaviours and double-loop learning. Two main knowledge contributions are offered by the study. Firstly, a generic and empirically validated integrated Innovation and Risk Management Framework (IRMF) is developed and guides new product and service development by considering both best practices and risks. Secondly, a risk dashboard is designed as a design science artefact within the action research cycles, which consolidates all the knowledge that was generated during the study. This is ultimately a visual interface to support stage-gate decision making. Since the context of the study was broad, extensive and complicated, the use of mixed-method research complemented and expanded on the findings by providing another layer of support and validation. This thesis highlights the complexity of innovation and presents the need for an organising framework that will encourage innovation but is sufficiently flexible to cater for diverse needs and risks. The study delivers several other, valuable contributions regarding what, how and why incidents occur within the real-world context of new product and service development. Several generic artefacts, such as risk processes and maturity frameworks, are also developed, which can guide risk and new product and service development practitioners to deliver more efficient product and services. This study offers several novel approaches to evaluating risks and provides practical support and recommendations, addressing shortcomings of fragmented research in similar, but smaller-scale studies that have been conducted in information systems. It is the premise of this research that a much wider number of risks need to be managed as new products and services are developed, than was noted in previous studies. Effective risk management in new product and service development could lead to competitive advantage for organisations by increasing knowledge and facilitating sustainable, informed risk decision-making