Ultra-High Field Strength MR Image-Guided Robotic Needle Delivery Device for In-Bore Small Animal Interventions

Current methods of accurate soft tissue injections in small animals are prone to many sources of error. Although efforts have been made to improve the accuracy of needle deliveries, none of the efforts have provided accurate soft tissue references. An MR image-guided robot was designed to function inside the bore of a 9.4T MR scanner to accurately deliver needles to locations within the mouse brain. The robot was designed to have no noticeable negative effects on the image quality and was localized in the MR images through the use of an MR image visible fiducial. The robot was mechanically calibrated and subsequently validated in an image-guided phantom experiment, where the mean needle targeting accuracy and needle trajectory accuracy were calculated to be 178 ± 54µm and 0.27 ± 0.65º, respectively. Finally, the device successfully demonstrated an image-guided needle targeting procedure in situ

Reconfigurable Fiducial-Integrated Modular Needle Driver For MRI-Guided Percutaneous Interventions

Needle-based interventions are pervasive in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS), and are often used in a number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, including biopsy and brachytherapy seed placement. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which can provide high quality, real time and high soft tissue contrast imaging, is an ideal guidance tool for image-guided therapy (IGT). Therefore, a MRI-guided needle-based surgical robot proves to have great potential in the application of percutaneous interventions. Presented here is the design of reconfigurable fiducial-integrated modular needle driver for MRI-guided percutaneous interventions. Further, an MRI-compatible hardware control system has been developed and enhanced to drive piezoelectric ultrasonic motors for a previously developed base robot designed to support the modular needle driver. A further contribution is the development of a fiber optic sensing system to detect robot position and joint limits. A transformer printed circuit board (PCB) and an interface board with integrated fiber optic limit sensing have been developed and tested to integrate the robot with the piezoelectric actuator control system designed by AIM Lab for closed loop control of ultrasonic Shinsei motors. A series of experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the modular needle driver. Bench top tests were conducted to validate the transformer board, fiber optic limit sensing and interface board in a lab environment. Finally, the whole robot control system was tested inside the MRI room to evaluate its MRI compatibility and stability

Conception et évaluation expérimentale d'un manipulateur actionné par des muscles pneumatiques binaires moyennés élastiquement

Actuellement, les médecins utilisent l'échographie pour visualiser la prostate lors de la biopsie. La technique actuelle de biopsie offre un taux de détection du cancer contenant entre 20 et 36 % de résultats faux négatifs, ce qui retarde le traitement du cancer. Ces faux négatifs sont causés en partie par le manque de perceptibilité sous échographie des tumeurs ayant un diamètre inférieur à 5 mm. L'imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM) pourrait résoudre ce problème puisque cette technique d'imagerie offre une meilleure résolution et une perceptibilité des tumeurs meilleures que celles obtenues avec l'échographie. Toutefois, l'intervention sous IRM est peu sécuritaire et peu ergonomique pour le médecin en raison de l'intense champ magnétique nécessaire à l'imagerie et de l'accès restreint au patient. Le présent travail présente le développement d'un prototype de manipulateur robotisé permettant aux médecins d'effectuer des interventions précises et rapides à la prostate à l'intérieur même du scanner IRM. Le manipulateur est conçu de manière à ne pas influencer ou être influencé par le champ magnétique de l'IRM, soutenir les forces induites par l'insertion de l'aiguille dans le patient, atteindre une cible avec précision et être suffisamment petit pour être introduit avec le patient dans l'IRM. L'architecture du manipulateur utilise une approche binaire moyennée élastiquement dans une architecture parallèle. Chacun des actionneurs compte seulement deux états discrets. Les actionneurs retenus sont des muscles pneumatiques en raison de la forte densité de force qu'ils génèrent. De plus, ces actionneurs permettent d'éliminer les joints complexes nécessaires à la construction de manipulateur parallèle en utilisant l'élasticité intrinsèque des actionneurs. Un prototype a été construit dans le but d'étudier l'erreur de positionnement obtenue avec le manipulateur et valider l'atteinte des requis cliniques. La justesse a été mesurée à 3,3 mm et la précision a été mesurée à 0,5 mm. La raideur a aussi été mesurée et atteint ~1,14 N/mm au bout de l'aiguille pour s'assurer que le manipulateur est en mesure de soutenir l'insertion d'aiguille sans trop dévier de la trajectoire prévue. Une preuve de concept de valve pneumatique compatible à l'IRM a été prototypée. La valve utilise un actionneur de polymère diélectrique rotatif en raison de la grande compatibilité à l'IRM de cette technologie. Les travaux montrent que la solution proposée est viable et très prometteuse. Le robot est simple, peu couteux et est capable de rencontrer les requis cliniques. Néanmoins, plusieurs travaux sont encore à faire sur le manipulateur, car seulement l'orientation de l'aiguille a été traitée. De plus, l'assemblage des muscles pneumatiques a été réalisé à l'aide de tubes offerts commercialement. Plusieurs modifications pourraient améliorer les performances du manipulateur, dont notamment, mouler les muscles pneumatiques

Teleoperation of MRI-Compatible Robots with Hybrid Actuation and Haptic Feedback

Image guided surgery (IGS), which has been developing fast recently, benefits significantly from the superior accuracy of robots and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which is a great soft tissue imaging modality. Teleoperation is especially desired in the MRI because of the highly constrained space inside the closed-bore MRI and the lack of haptic feedback with the fully autonomous robotic systems. It also very well maintains the human in the loop that significantly enhances safety. This dissertation describes the development of teleoperation approaches and implementation on an example system for MRI with details of different key components. The dissertation firstly describes the general teleoperation architecture with modular software and hardware components. The MRI-compatible robot controller, driving technology as well as the robot navigation and control software are introduced. As a crucial step to determine the robot location inside the MRI, two methods of registration and tracking are discussed. The first method utilizes the existing Z shaped fiducial frame design but with a newly developed multi-image registration method which has higher accuracy with a smaller fiducial frame. The second method is a new fiducial design with a cylindrical shaped frame which is especially suitable for registration and tracking for needles. Alongside, a single-image based algorithm is developed to not only reach higher accuracy but also run faster. In addition, performance enhanced fiducial frame is also studied by integrating self-resonant coils. A surgical master-slave teleoperation system for the application of percutaneous interventional procedures under continuous MRI guidance is presented. The slave robot is a piezoelectric-actuated needle insertion robot with fiber optic force sensor integrated. The master robot is a pneumatic-driven haptic device which not only controls the position of the slave robot, but also renders the force associated with needle placement interventions to the surgeon. Both of master and slave robots mechanical design, kinematics, force sensing and feedback technologies are discussed. Force and position tracking results of the master-slave robot are demonstrated to validate the tracking performance of the integrated system. MRI compatibility is evaluated extensively. Teleoperated needle steering is also demonstrated under live MR imaging. A control system of a clinical grade MRI-compatible parallel 4-DOF surgical manipulator for minimally invasive in-bore prostate percutaneous interventions through the patient’s perineum is discussed in the end. The proposed manipulator takes advantage of four sliders actuated by piezoelectric motors and incremental rotary encoders, which are compatible with the MRI environment. Two generations of optical limit switches are designed to provide better safety features for real clinical use. The performance of both generations of the limit switch is tested. MRI guided accuracy and MRI-compatibility of whole robotic system is also evaluated. Two clinical prostate biopsy cases have been conducted with this assistive robot

Development of a Compact Piezoworm Actuator For Mr Guided Medical Procedures

In this research, a novel piezoelectric actuator was developed to operate safely inside the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. The actuator based on novel design that generates linear and rotary motion simultaneously for higher needle insertion accuracy. One of the research main objectives is to aid in the selection of suitable materials for actuators used in this challenging environment. Usually only nonmagnetic materials are used in this extremely high magnetic environment. These materials are classified as MRI compatible materials and are selected to avoid hazardous conditions and image quality degradation. But unfortunately many inert materials to the magnetic field do not possess desirable mechanical properties in terms of hardness, stiffness and strength and much of the available data for MRI compatible materials are scattered throughout the literature and often too device specific . Furthermore, the fact that significant heating is experienced by some of these devices due to the scanner’s variable magnetic fields makes it difficult to draw general conclusions to support the choice of suitable material and typically these choices are based on a trial-and-error with extensive time required for prototype development and MRI testing of such devices. This research provides a quantitative comparison of several engineering materials in the MRI environment and comparison to theoretical behavior which should aid designers/engineers to estimate the MRI compatible material performance before the expensive step of construction and testing. This work focuses specifically on the effects in the MRI due to the material susceptibility, namely forces, torques, image artifacts and induced heating

Robot-Assisted Image-Guided Interventions

Image guidance is a common methodology of minimally invasive procedures. Depending on the type of intervention, various imaging modalities are available. Common imaging modalities are computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, and ultrasound. Robotic systems have been developed to enable and improve the procedures using these imaging techniques. Spatial and technological constraints limit the development of versatile robotic systems. This paper offers a brief overview of the developments of robotic systems for image-guided interventions since 2015 and includes samples of our current research in this field