358 research outputs found

    Routing protocol for V2X communications for Urban VANETs

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    Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) have been attracting tremendous attention in both academia and industry due to emerging applications that pave the way towards safer enjoyable journeys and inclusive digital partnerships. Undoubtedly, these ITS applications will demand robust routing protocols that not only focus on Inter-Vehicle Communications but also on providing fast, reliable, and secure access to the infrastructure. This thesis aims mainly to introduce the challenges of data packets routing through urban environment using the help of infrastructure. Broadcasting transmission is an essential operational technique that serves a broad range of applications which demand different restrictive QoS provisioning levels. Although broadcast communication has been investigated widely in highway vehicular networks, it is undoubtedly still a challenge in the urban environment due to the obstacles, such as high buildings. In this thesis, the Road-Topology based Broadcast Protocol (RTBP) is proposed, a distance and contention-based forwarding scheme suitable for both urban and highway vehicular environments. RTBP aims at assigning the highest forwarding priority to a vehicle, called a mobile repeater, having the greatest capability to send the packet in multiple directions. In this way, RTBP effectively reduces the number of competing vehicles and minimises the number of hops required to retransmit the broadcast packets around the intersections to cover the targeted area. By investigating the RTBP under realistic urban scenarios against well-known broadcast protocols, eMDR and TAF, that are dedicated to retransmitting the packets around intersections, the results showed the superiority of the RTBP in delivering the most critical warning information for 90% of vehicles with significantly lower delay of 58% and 70% compared to eMDR and TAF. The validation of this performance was clear when the increase in the number of vehicles. Secondly, a Fast and Reliable Hybrid routing (FRHR) protocol is introduced for efficient infrastructure access which is capable of handling efficient vehicle to vehicle communications. Interface to infrastructure is provided by carefully placed RoadSide Units (RSUs) which broadcast beacons in a multi-hop fashion in constrained areas. This enables vehicles proactively to maintain fresh minimum-delay routes to other RSUs while reactively discovering routes to nearby vehicles. The proposed protocol utilizes RSUs connected to the wired backbone network to relay packets toward remote vehicles. A vehicle selects an RSU to register with according to the expected mean delay instead of the device’s remoteness. The FRHR performance is evaluated against established infrastructure routing protocols, Trafroute, IGSR and RBVT-R that are dedicated to for urban environment, the results showed an improvement of 20% to 33% in terms of packet delivery ratio and lower latency particularly in sparse networks due to its rapid response to changes in network connectivity. Thirdly, focusing on increasing FRHR’s capability to provide more stable and durable routes to support the QoS requirements of expected wide-range ITS applications on the urban environment, a new route selection mechanism is introduced, aiming at selecting highly connected crossroads. The new protocol is called, Stable Infrastructure Routing Protocol (SIRP). Intensive simulation results showed that SIRP offers low end-to-end delay and high delivery ratio with varying traffic density, while resolving the problem of frequent link failures

    Security Threats to 5G Networks for Social Robots in Public Spaces: A Survey

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    This paper surveys security threats to 5G-enabled wireless access networks for social robots in public spaces (SRPS). The use of social robots (SR) in public areas requires specific Quality of Service (QoS) planning to meet its unique requirements. Its 5G threat landscape entails more than cybersecurity threats that most previous studies focus on. This study examines the 5G wireless RAN for SRPS from three perspectives: SR and wireless access points, the ad hoc network link between SR and user devices, and threats to SR and users’ communication equipment. The paper analyses the security threats to confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorisation, and privacy from the SRPS security objectives perspective. We begin with an overview of SRPS use cases and access network requirements, followed by 5G security standards, requirements, and the need for a more representative threat landscape for SRPS. The findings confirm that the RAN of SRPS is most vulnerable to physical, side-channel, intrusion, injection, manipulation, and natural and malicious threats. The paper presents existing mitigation to the identified attacks and recommends including physical level security (PLS) and post-quantum cryptography in the early design of SRPS. The insights from this survey will provide valuable risk assessment and management input to researchers, industrial practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders of SRPS.publishedVersio

    5G: 2020 and Beyond

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    The future society would be ushered in a new communication era with the emergence of 5G. 5G would be significantly different, especially, in terms of architecture and operation in comparison with the previous communication generations (4G, 3G...). This book discusses the various aspects of the architecture, operation, possible challenges, and mechanisms to overcome them. Further, it supports users? interac- tion through communication devices relying on Human Bond Communication and COmmunication-NAvigation- SENsing- SErvices (CONASENSE).Topics broadly covered in this book are; • Wireless Innovative System for Dynamically Operating Mega Communications (WISDOM)• Millimeter Waves and Spectrum Management• Cyber Security• Device to Device Communicatio

    Analysis and development of sensors in the field of “Smart Textiles” through a practical approach in the field of medicine

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    [ES] Los "Smart Textiles” denominados como textiles inteligentes ha sido, es y será un área de investigación emergente y transformadora que se ocupa de la creación y el estudio de nuevas generaciones de conjuntos de fibras y sistemas de prendas que pueden percibir, reaccionar y adaptarse a condiciones o estímulos externos de forma manual o de forma programada. El rápido desarrollo de la ciencia y las tecnologías a escala nanométrica, así como la miniaturización de los dispositivos y el avance en la conectividad y comunicaciones de diferentes elementos, hacen posible impartir nuevas funciones electrónicas y fotónicas en la superficie o en el interior de las fibras y sus conjuntos. Los dispositivos y sistemas electrónicos basados en fibras tienen flexibilidad y comodidad de uso excepcionales, una resistencia a la fatiga superior en caso de grandes deformaciones repetidas a largo plazo y una excelente capacidad de generalización. El incesante incremento de la capacidad de transmisión de datos de forma inalámbrica, antes 3G, luego 4G y ahora 5G con vistas ya hacia el 6G, hace aumentar el interés del usuario al poder interactuar con el sistema a través del ordenador personal, y lo que quizás le hace más interesante a través el móvil. El trabajo que aquí se expone está enfocado a los sistemas inteligentes con aplicación directa en los “Smart Textiles”. El estudio de estos tejidos se lleva haciendo desde hace unos 20 años, de tal manera que ahora casi todas las grandes universidades tienen actividades de investigación y publicaciones en este campo. Todo esto ha sido posible gracias a la investigación multidisciplinar, teniendo un efecto sinérgico con el rápido desarrollo de áreas como la nanociencia, tecnología de materiales, estructuras inteligentes, microelectrónica, internet y comunicación inalámbrica, etc. Los “Smart Textiles” se han convertido en un fértil campo de investigación que ha dado lugar a muchos avances tecnológicos, aunque por desgracia todo esto sigue en los laboratorios ya que actualmente es difícil transportarlo al proceso industrial. Cuando se comenzó la realización de esta tesis, se marcó como objetivo prioritario el realizar un calcetín inteligente orientado al problema que tienen los diabéticos y más concretamente en los pies, de ahí el llamado “pie diabético”. Se han hecho varios estudios en los que se relaciona un aumento de la temperatura del pie con una posible ulceración en dicho punto. De aquí el estudio de sensores que puedan medir la temperatura del pie, ya que todos sabemos lo molesto que es llevar algo en la planta del pie, motivo más que suficiente para intentar ver que sensor puede alojarse en un calcetín sin originar problemas al andar y moverse. En el desarrollo del estudio se vio que los sensores podían estar influenciados por la resistencia eléctrica que intervienen en los textiles, debido a este problema se realizó el estudio de cómo medir la resistencia eléctrica de los textiles, cosa que a priori parece fácil pero que es bastante más compleja puesto que un textil depende mucho del entorno en el que se encuentre, por ejemplo si está en una atmósfera húmeda o si está en una atmósfera seca, si la persona que lo lleva suda mucho o si la persona que lo lleva no suda. Al tratarse de un calcetín que está en contacto directo con el pie, este tiende a sudar ya que va dentro del zapato y por lo tanto las medidas tomadas por los sensores se podrían ver influenciadas por las pequeñas corrientes que se pueden originar en un textil debido a la alta o baja resistencia eléctrica que tenga. Con todos estos parámetros iniciales tenidos en cuenta y una vez realizado diversos prototipos en el laboratorio, se tuvo que realizar un estudio con pacientes reales para obtener datos de sus pies, con todo este volumen de información se han analizado los posibles puntos del pie más predispuestos a sufrir ulceraciones y así poder determinar qué puntos son los más idóneos para situar los sensores de temperatura. Una vez resuelto este problema se consiguió finalmente realizar el calcetín físicamente con unos sensores que medían la temperatura de la planta del pie, esta temperatura era trasmitida a un móvil y almacenada en una hoja de datos. Estos datos almacenados iban siendo tratados y analizados de tal forma qué, al detectar el aumento de temperatura en algunos de los puntos de medida, podían informar al paciente que estaba en disposición de poder sufrir una ulceración en el pie. De esta manera podría ponerse en contacto con su médico y atajar el problema antes de su aparición. [EN] Smart Textiles has been, is and will be an emerging and transformative area of research concerned with the creation and study of new generations of fibre assemblies and garment systems that can sense, react and adapt to external conditions or stimuli manually or programmatically. The rapid development of nano-scale science and technologies, as well as the miniaturisation of devices and advances in connectivity and communications of different elements, make it possible to implement new electronic and photonic functions on the surface or inside fibres and their assemblies. Fibre-based electronic devices and systems have exceptional flexibility and user-friendliness, superior fatigue resistance under repeated long-term large deformations, and excellent generalisability. The ever-increasing capacity for wireless data transmission, previously 3G, then 4G and now 5G with a view towards 6G, is increasing user interest in interacting with the system via the personal computer, and perhaps most interestingly via the mobile phone. The work presented here is focused on intelligent systems with direct application in "Smart Textiles". The study of these textiles has been going on for about 20 years, so that now almost all major universities have research activities and publications in this field. All this has been possible thanks to multidisciplinary research, having a synergistic effect with the rapid development of areas such as nanoscience, materials technology, smart structures, microelectronics, internet and wireless communication, etc. Smart Textiles" has become a fertile field of research that has led to many technological breakthroughs, although unfortunately all this is still in the laboratory as it is currently difficult to transport it to the industrial process. When this thesis began, the main objective was to create an intelligent sock oriented to the problem that diabetics have and more specifically in their feet, hence the so-called diabetic foot. Several studies have been carried out in which an increase in the temperature of the foot is related to a possible ulceration at that point. Hence the study of sensors that can measure the temperature of the foot, as we all know how annoying it is to wear something on the sole of the foot, which is more than enough reason to try to see which sensor can be housed in a sock without causing problems when walking and moving. During the study, it became apparent that the sensors could be influenced by the electrical resistance involved in the textiles. Because of this problem, a study was carried out on how to measure the electrical resistance of textiles, which at first sight seems easy but is much more complex since a textile depends a lot on the environment in which it is found, for example, if it is in a humid atmosphere or if it is in a dry atmosphere, if the person who wears it sweats a lot or if the person who wears it does not sweat. As a sock is in direct contact with the foot, the foot tends to sweat as it is inside the shoe and therefore the measurements taken by the sensors could be influenced by the small currents that can originate in a textile due to the high or low electrical resistance it has. With all these initial parameters and once various prototypes had been made in the laboratory, a study was carried out under normal operating conditions with patients using one of the prototypes to obtain data on their feet. With all this volume of information, the possible points of the foot most prone to ulceration were analysed to determine which points are the most suitable for placing the temperature sensors. Once the key parameters had been determined through all this research, the final prototype of the sock was physically created. This was done by incorporating sensors that measure the temperature of the sole of the foot in a cotton textile base. The temperature is transmitted via Bluetooth to a mobile phone and stored in a data sheet. This data is processed and analysed in real time so that, by varying the parameters defined in the programme, it interprets the increase in temperature at some of the measurement points and can help to detect possible foot ulcerations in the patient. In this way, you can contact your doctor as quickly as possible and thus tackle the problem before it arises

    Data Communications and Network Technologies

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    This open access book is written according to the examination outline for Huawei HCIA-Routing Switching V2.5 certification, aiming to help readers master the basics of network communications and use Huawei network devices to set up enterprise LANs and WANs, wired networks, and wireless networks, ensure network security for enterprises, and grasp cutting-edge computer network technologies. The content of this book includes: network communication fundamentals, TCP/IP protocol, Huawei VRP operating system, IP addresses and subnetting, static and dynamic routing, Ethernet networking technology, ACL and AAA, network address translation, DHCP server, WLAN, IPv6, WAN PPP and PPPoE protocol, typical networking architecture and design cases of campus networks, SNMP protocol used by network management, operation and maintenance, network time protocol NTP, SND and NFV, programming, and automation. As the world’s leading provider of ICT (information and communication technology) infrastructure and smart terminals, Huawei’s products range from digital data communication, cyber security, wireless technology, data storage, cloud-computing, and smart computing to artificial intelligence

    Kommunikation und Bildverarbeitung in der Automation

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    In diesem Open Access-Tagungsband sind die besten Beiträge des 11. Jahreskolloquiums "Kommunikation in der Automation" (KommA 2020) und des 7. Jahreskolloquiums "Bildverarbeitung in der Automation" (BVAu 2020) enthalten. Die Kolloquien fanden am 28. und 29. Oktober 2020 statt und wurden erstmalig als digitale Webveranstaltung auf dem Innovation Campus Lemgo organisiert. Die vorgestellten neuesten Forschungsergebnisse auf den Gebieten der industriellen Kommunikationstechnik und Bildverarbeitung erweitern den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und Technik. Die in den Beiträgen enthaltenen anschauliche Anwendungsbeispiele aus dem Bereich der Automation setzen die Ergebnisse in den direkten Anwendungsbezug
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