Final Design Report: Allergen Mixing Assistant (AMA) Micro-Refrigeration Redesigning

Abstract Allergen Mixing Assistant (AMA) by Xtract Solutions is a device designed to more “effectively refrigerate, organize, and mix allergenic extracts”. Although Xtract Solutions intended the product to be fully automated, the company has decided against its automation and declared its current design as a minimum viable product whose components are too expensive, difficult to source and complex. Therefore, Cal Poly AMA design team - Mitchell Parks and Minwoo Suh - has decided to replace these expensive components with much more economical alternatives as shown below: Stirling cooler → Thermoelectric (Peltier) cooler Custom Arduino Controller Card → TEC Thermostat *** Original Housing with Wasted Space * → New Housing ** The cost analysis of the new design quotes the Allergen Mixing Assistant at $730, albeit minus the labor cost and manufacturing time, much more economical than the previous design where the Stirling Cooler alone was quoted at$830. Beyond its cost-effectiveness, the new Allergen Mixing Assistant has been improved from its previous design in following categories: 1, more effective cooling; and 2, better packaging - its overall physical dimensions have been reduced. Testing proved that a larger focus on heat rejection is needed to maintain the desired set temperature. Due to insufficient heat dissipation our new unit is unable to run for extended periods of time, but will be a viable option if a larger heat sink can be obtained

Electronics Thermal Management in Information and Communications Technologies: Challenges and Future Directions

This paper reviews thermal management challenges encountered in a wide range of electronics cooling applications from large-scale (data center and telecommunication) to smallscale systems (personal, portable/wearable, and automotive). This paper identifies drivers for progress and immediate and future challenges based on discussions at the 3rd Workshop on Thermal Management in Telecommunication Systems and Data Centers held in Redwood City, CA, USA, on November 4–5, 2015. Participants in this workshop represented industry and academia, with backgrounds ranging from data center thermal management and energy efficiency to high-performance computing and liquid cooling, thermal management in wearable and mobile devices, and acoustic noise management. By considering a wide range of electronics cooling applications with different lengths and time scales, this paper identifies both common themes and diverging views in the thermal management community

Thermoelectric system applications in buildings: A review of key factors and control methods

A low coefficient of performance (COP) limits the development of thermoelectric (TE) systems in buildings. However, considering their good integration with solar systems and budling structures, there is good application potential for TE systems in buildings. In many previous works, control systems indeed help TE systems to improve their performance. Therefore, the objective of this work is to analyze and summarize key factors in the control process and control methods for designing and optimizing the control systems for TE systems in buildings. This work reviews relevant publications from 2000 to 2022 on control applications of TE systems in different fields and groups them into key factors and control methods. The analysis of the key factors indicates the power strength of Peltier cells, the number of working Peltier cells, the temperature difference between the cold and hot sides, and the temperature difference between the object side and the indoor space as significant factors. Additionally, the most relevant control methods for the operating voltage or current are also classified. It is crucial to appropriately adjust these key factors using suitable control methods to achieve improved COP. Regarding the control application of TE systems in buildings, this is an issue that has not been studied with specific attention. Therefore, the analysis of key factors and control methods is meaningful for control systems to improve the performance of TE systems in buildings, especially under dynamic operating conditions of the built environment

Development of miniature personal thermoelectric generator

This paper outlines research toward the degree of Masters in Engineering (M.Eng) in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Dublin City University. The thesis focuses on experimental and analytical investigations on the dynamics of thermocouples and thermopiles reaction to low temperature (less than 400°C or waste heat) for the feasibility and purpose of generating electricity. Thermocouples generate unique voltages at relative set temperatures. It is with this voltage that the development applications of conductive heat flow and radiation in waste heat electro generation for miniature personal thermoelectric generation is considered. The process involves a thermal heat source (the body) extracting the necessary power between the temperature differences into electrical power. Both passive and active properties of this thermal generator are investigated by measuring the mechanical and electrical properties of the couples and piles and the electro motive force produced during this electrogeneration process. The thesis work consists of the design, construction, processing and analyzing to understand the process and characterization of the device for application

Development of effective thermal management strategies for LED luminaires

The efficacy, reliability and versatility of the light emitting diode (LED) can outcompete most established light source technologies. However, they are particularly sensitive to high temperatures, which compromises their efficacy and reliability, undermining some of the technology s key benefits. Consequently, effective thermal management is essential to exploit the technology to its full potential. Thermal management is a well-established subject but its application in the relatively new LED lighting industry, with its specific constraints, is currently poorly defined. The question this thesis aims to answer is how can LED thermal management be achieved most effectively? This thesis starts with a review of the current state of the art, relevant thermal management technologies and market trends. This establishes current and future thermal management constraints in a commercial context. Methods to test and evaluate the thermal management performance of a luminaire system follow. The defined test methods, simulation benchmarks and operational constraints provide the foundation to develop effective thermal management strategies. Finally this work explores how the findings can be implemented in the development and comparison of multiple thermal management designs. These are optimised to assess the potential performance enhancement available when applied to a typical commercial system. The outcomes of this research showed that thermal management of LEDs can be expected to remain a key requirement but there are hints it is becoming less critical. The impacts of some common operating environments were studied, but appeared to have no significant effect on the thermal behaviour of a typical system. There are some active thermal management devices that warrant further attention, but passive systems are inherently well suited to LED luminaires and are readily adopted so were selected as the focus of this research. Using the techniques discussed in this thesis the performance of a commercially available component was evaluated. By optimising its geometry, a 5 % decrease in absolute thermal resistance or a 20 % increase in average heat transfer coefficient and 10 % reduction in heatsink mass can potentially be achieved . While greater lifecycle energy consumption savings were offered by minimising heatsink thermal resistance the most effective design was considered to be one optimised for maximum average heat transfer coefficient. Some more radical concepts were also considered. While these demonstrate the feasibility of passively manipulating fluid flow they had a detrimental impact on performance. Further analysis would be needed to conclusively dismiss these concepts but this work indicates there is very little potential in pursuing them further

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Chapter 8: Energy Harvesting Technologies: Thick-Film Piezoelectric Microgenerato

Overview study of Space Power Technologies for the advanced energetics program

Space power technologies are reviewed to determine the state-of-the-art and to identify advanced or novel concepts which promise large increases in performance. The potential for incresed performance is judged relative to benchmarks based on technologies which have been flight tested. Space power technology concepts selected for their potentially high performance are prioritized in a list of R & D topical recommendations for the NASA program on Advanced Energetics. The technology categories studied are solar collection, nuclear power sources, energy conversion, energy storage, power transmission, and power processing. The emphasis is on electric power generation in space for satellite on board electric power, for electric propulsion, or for beamed power to spacecraft. Generic mission categories such as low Earth orbit missions and geosynchronous orbit missions are used to distinguish general requirements placed on the performance of power conversion technology. Each space power technology is judged on its own merits without reference to specific missions or power systems. Recommendations include 31 space power concepts which span the entire collection of technology categories studied and represent the critical technologies needed for higher power, lighter weight, more efficient power conversion in space

Thermal aware design techniques for multiprocessor architectures in three dimensions

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Informática, Departamento de Arquitectura de Computadores y Automática, leída el 28-11-2013Depto. de Arquitectura de Computadores y AutomáticaFac. de InformáticaTRUEunpu

Thermal and QoS-Aware Embedded Systems

While embedded systems such as smartphones and smart cars become essential parts of our lives, they face urgent thermal challenges. Extreme thermal conditions (i.e., both high and low temperatures) degrade system reliability, even risking safety; devices in the cold environments unexpectedly go offline, whereas extremely high device temperatures can cause device failures or battery explosions. These thermal limits become close to the norm because of ever-increasing chip power densities and application complexities. Embedded systems in the wild, however, lack adaptive and effective solutions to overcome such thermal challenges. An adaptive thermal management solution must cope with various runtime thermal scenarios under a changing ambient temperature. An effective solution requires the understanding of the dynamic thermal behaviors of underlying hardware and application workloads to ensure thermal and application quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. This thesis proposes a suite of adaptive and effective thermal management solutions to address different aspects of real-world thermal challenges faced by modern embedded systems. First, we present BPM, a battery-aware power management framework for mobile devices to address the unexpected device shutoffs in cold environments. We develop BPM as a background service that characterizes and controls real-time battery behaviors to maintain operable conditions even in cold environments. We then propose eTEC, building on the thermoelectric cooling solution, which adaptively controls cooling and computational power to avoid mobile devices overheating. For the real-time embedded systems such as cars, we present RT-TRM, a thermal-aware resource management framework that monitors changing ambient temperatures and allocates system resources to individual tasks. Next, we target in-vehicle vision systems running on CPUs–GPU system-on-chips and develop CPU–GPU co-scheduling to tackle thermal imbalance across CPUs caused by GPU heat. We evaluate all of these solutions using representative mobile/automotive platforms and workloads, demonstrating their effectiveness in meeting thermal and QoS requirements.PHDComputer Science & EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153350/1/ymoonlee_1.pd