Power quality and electromagnetic compatibility: special report, session 2

The scope of Session 2 (S2) has been defined as follows by the Session Advisory Group and the Technical Committee: Power Quality (PQ), with the more general concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and with some related safety problems in electricity distribution systems. Special focus is put on voltage continuity (supply reliability, problem of outages) and voltage quality (voltage level, flicker, unbalance, harmonics). This session will also look at electromagnetic compatibility (mains frequency to 150 kHz), electromagnetic interferences and electric and magnetic fields issues. Also addressed in this session are electrical safety and immunity concerns (lightning issues, step, touch and transferred voltages). The aim of this special report is to present a synthesis of the present concerns in PQ&EMC, based on all selected papers of session 2 and related papers from other sessions, (152 papers in total). The report is divided in the following 4 blocks: Block 1: Electric and Magnetic Fields, EMC, Earthing systems Block 2: Harmonics Block 3: Voltage Variation Block 4: Power Quality Monitoring Two Round Tables will be organised: - Power quality and EMC in the Future Grid (CIGRE/CIRED WG C4.24, RT 13) - Reliability Benchmarking - why we should do it? What should be done in future? (RT 15

Negative effects of energy-saving, non-linear loads on LV systems : causes and recommendations

Abstract: Pressure is being exerted on utilities and electrical energy customers to reduce energy consumption. There are two concerns: the effect that increasing greenhouse gasses have on global warming and the dwindling non-renewable resources currently used for the production of electrical power. The use of modern energy-efficient appliances such as Compact Fluorescent Lamps and micro-wave ovens is a widely promoted solution. These types of devices are recommended not only in affluent areas but also in developing countries (such as South Africa) where the use of computers and television sets are also being encouraged as devices for increasing the level of information and education. However, the use of these devices can introduce significant problems. This paper reviews a range of published material on the various aspects of this topic. It also includes the results from experimental measurements. Finally, the paper discusses some recommendations that are intended to bridge the gap between theoretical analyses and the practical implementation of mitigating steps, as they apply to low voltage distribution systems

Accelerating the Transition towards Solid-state Lighting: Challenges for the Public Sector to Deploy Solid-state Lighting

The market uptake of solid-state lighting (SSL) is slow, even though it has many advantages and could deliver a variety of benefits to the society. The public sector is a large actor in the lighting market and could play an important role in accelerating SSL market penetration. Nevertheless, it faces many challenges to adopt SSL. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to provide a better understanding of these challenges and explore potential strategies to overcome them. Sweden is selectd as a focus country as it is a leading nation in adopting SSL. Overall, the public sector in Sweden faces several challenges to adopt SSL. The challenges and its underlying reasons are presented as below: (i) low confidence in SSL due to early technological shortcomings; (ii) risk averison due to uncertainties of product performance and benefits of SSL; (iii) conservative perspective on lighting due to limited awareness of SSL and its benefits; (iv) conservative perspective in prioritizing SSL health and well-being benefits due to limited attention; (v) difficulties in achieving inter-operation ability in innovative lighting solutions (SSL is part of the solution); (vi) high initial cost for outdoor and replacement lighting. To accelerate the transition towards SSL, following actions could be taken: (i) product performance testing standards improvement; (ii) minimum quality requirements scheme setting and market surveillance enhancement; (iii) demonstration projects with high replication potential; (iv) improve awareness and acceptance of SSL and its benefits among different actors; (v) develop standard and norms for lighting’s effect on human health and well-being; (vi) innovative public procurement to facilitate commercialization of innovative lighting solutions; (vii) strenthen SSL (and innovative lighting solution) value chain; (viii) privatepublic partnerships (PPP) to facilitate collaboration; (ix) product-servicing system as a new business model to facilitate solution-oriented approach; (x) increase financial support

Effect of LED technology on technical losses in public lighting circuits. A case study

In this work, an analysis of the quality of electrical energy is carried out, based on the replacement of High-Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamps (HPSV) with Light Emission Diode (LED) lamps in the low voltage networks of public lighting. The study takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of using this technology, among the efforts to reduce electricity consumption and achieve higher rates of electro-energy efficiency. The effect of current harmonics on transformation losses, line losses, and voltage profiles in the circuit is analyzed. Flow runs in the public lighting circuit are obtained from models developed in MATLAB. The models of the loads with harmonic content for the simulation of the lamps were developed from measurements made in the laboratory for these loads. The results obtained due to the replacement of HPSV lamps by LEDs did not show significant differences in terms of harmonic contamination, determining that both technologies present harmonic distortion rates of currents above the standard value. Besides, a significant reduction in the voltage drop and power losses of the lines is achieved, improving the power factor in the distribution network