219,490 research outputs found

    NEW APPROACHES FOR VERY SHORT-TERM STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF AN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH WIND FARMS

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    Distribution networks are undergoing radical changes due to the high level of penetration of dispersed generation. Dispersed generation systems require particular attention due to their incorporation of uncertain energy sources, such as wind farms, and due to the impacts that such sources have on the planning and operation of distribution networks. In particular, the foreseeable, extensive use of wind turbine generator units in the future requires that distribution system engineers properly account for their impacts on the system. Many new technical considerations must be addressed, including protection coordination, steady-state analysis, and power quality issues. This paper deals with the very short-term, steady-state analysis of a distribution system with wind farms, for which the time horizon of interest ranges from one hour to a few hours ahead. Several wind-forecasting methods are presented in order to obtain reliable input data for the steady-state analysis. Both deterministic and probabilistic methods were considered and used in performing deterministic and probabilistic load-flow analyses. Numerical applications on a 17-bus, medium-voltage, electrical distribution system with various wind farms connected at different busbars are presented and discusse

    Power Quality of Renewable Energy Source Systems: A New Paradigm of Electrical Grids

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    The power quality delivered by the distribution companies to consumers has always been a relevant issue, especially to industrial consumers, where power quality is directly related to productivity. However, until a few years ago, power quality was mostly synonymous with continuity of service, and the main concern was the minimization of power interruptions. Since the last decade of the twentieth century, power quality has become a strategic issue for all sectors involved in this market, from distribution companies to consumers, with a particular emphasis on industrial consumers as well as equipment manufacturers. The concept of power quality involves a wide range of electromagnetic phenomena that can occur in the power grid. Such changes may occur in different parts of the electrical power system, at customer facilities, or in the distribution network. In recent years, the electric power market has undergone huge transformations, electricity production has become decentralized, and consumers (who can now also be producers) have the opportunity to choose their supplier. The integration of renewable-based microgeneration systems into distribution grids has brought various disturbances to the grid (harmonics, voltage unbalance, voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, etc.), leading to increasingly degraded power quality. This Special Issue focuses on the analysis of the consequences that renewables-based microgeneration systems have on power networks by finding new solutions for networks management (network optimization models, efficiency, and losses), integrating consumers and micro-producers in order to keep quality parameters at high levels. In this Special Issue, we can see that the interdisciplinarity of these issues is very present among researchers and scholars, who are well aware of the importance and impact that the new paradigm of network management brings in various domains, reflecting on the quality of the contributions submitted. Accordingly, the papers selected for publication cover a wide range of application topics, including electrical mobility, energy storage systems, facility management and control, impact analysis of different types of renewable energy sources, with focus on wind and solar generation, in both low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) networks.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

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    Power electronics is a key technology that enables the revolution of electric power generation, transmission, and distribution in modern power systems for improved energy security, efficiency, and sustainability. In distribution systems, power electronic converters not only serve as the critical interfaces between the utility grid and distributed energy resources such as solar, wind, and energy storage, but also play a pivotal role in power quality control and management. In transmission systems, high voltage high power electronic converters are the ideal candidate for achieving flexible and efficient power flow in bulk interconnected power systems. On one hand, it is no doubt that more electronic apparatus will be integrated into future power systems to further reduce carbon emissions. On the other hand, power electronic converters exhibit significantly different characteristics with traditional power system components and may bring a number of challenging stability issues from both converter-level and system-level perspectives. The knowledge and theories for understanding and analysis of more electronics power systems are still lacking and deserve in-depth studies

    Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips

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    [EN] Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distribution system operators are able to model their electrical behaviour in terms of steady-state power flow, transient dynamic stability, and short-circuit currents. Consequently, in 2015, the International Electrotechnical Commission published Standard IEC 61400-27-1, which includes generic models for wind power generation in order to estimate the electrical characteristics of wind turbines at the connection point. This paper presents, describes and details the models for wind turbine topologies Types 1 and 2 following IEC 61400-27-1 for electrical simulation purposes, including the values for the parameters for the different subsystems. A hardware-in-the-loop combined with a real-time simulator is also used to analyse the response of such wind turbine topologies under voltage dips. The evolution of active and reactive powers is discussed, together with the wind turbine rotor and generator rotational speeds.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union -FEDER Funds, ENE2016-78214-C2-1-R-; and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports -ref. FPU16/04282-.GarcĂ­a-SĂĄnchez, TM.; Muñoz-Benavente, I.; GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E.; FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A. (2020). Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies. 13(16):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164078S1191316FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-RodrĂ­guez, A., GarcĂ­a-SĂĄnchez, T., & Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. Energies, 11(6), 1436. doi:10.3390/en11061436FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A., Das, K., Cutululis, N. A., & Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á. (2019). Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(11), 399. doi:10.3390/jmse7110399FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A., GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E., Muljadi, E., & Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á. (2019). Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 115, 109369. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109369Cardozo, C., van Ackooij, W., & Capely, L. (2018). Cutting plane approaches for frequency constrained economic dispatch problems. Electric Power Systems Research, 156, 54-63. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.11.001FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A., MartĂ­nez-Lucas, G., Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á., & Sarasua, J. I. (2020). An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation. Energies, 13(13), 3369. doi:10.3390/en13133369Global Wind Report 2019https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/Muñoz-Benavente, I., Hansen, A. D., GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E., GarcĂ­a-SĂĄnchez, T., FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A., & Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á. (2019). Impact of Combined Demand-Response and Wind Power Plant Participation in Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Systems. Energies, 12(9), 1687. doi:10.3390/en12091687Villena-Ruiz, R., Lorenzo-Bonache, A., Honrubia-Escribano, A., JimĂ©nez-BuendĂ­a, F., & GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E. (2019). Implementation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 Model: Performance Analysis under Different Modeling Approaches. Energies, 12(14), 2690. doi:10.3390/en12142690Kumar, D., & Chatterjee, K. (2016). A review of conventional and advanced MPPT algorithms for wind energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 957-970. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.013Hansen, A. D., Iov, F., Blaabjerg, F., & Hansen, L. H. (2004). Review of Contemporary Wind Turbine Concepts and Their Market Penetration. Wind Engineering, 28(3), 247-263. doi:10.1260/0309524041590099Liang, X. (2017). Emerging Power Quality Challenges Due to Integration of Renewable Energy Sources. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 53(2), 855-866. doi:10.1109/tia.2016.2626253Calif, R., & Schmitt, F. G. (2014). Multiscaling and joint multiscaling description of the atmospheric wind speed and the aggregate power output from a wind farm. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 21(2), 379-392. doi:10.5194/npg-21-379-2014Calif, R., Schmitt, F. G., & Huang, Y. (2013). Multifractal description of wind power fluctuations using arbitrary order Hilbert spectral analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 392(18), 4106-4120. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2013.04.038FernĂĄndez‐GuillamĂłn, A., Vigueras‐RodrĂ­guez, A., & Molina‐GarcĂ­a, Á. (2019). Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13(15), 2807-2816. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0220Heredia, F.-J., Cuadrado, M. D., & Corchero, C. (2018). On optimal participation in the electricity markets of wind power plants with battery energy storage systems. Computers & Operations Research, 96, 316-329. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2018.03.004Zhang, W., & Fang, K. (2017). Controlling active power of wind farms to participate in load frequency control of power systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 11(9), 2194-2203. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1471Honrubia-Escribano, A., GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E., Fortmann, J., SĂžrensen, P., & Martin-Martinez, S. (2018). Generic dynamic wind turbine models for power system stability analysis: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1939-1952. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.005Moschitta, A., Carbone, P., & Muscas, C. (2011). Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test for Voltage Dip Detection. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 60(5), 1644-1653. doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2113110Moschitta, A., Carbone, P., & Muscas, C. (2012). Performance Comparison of Advanced Techniques for Voltage Dip Detection. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 61(5), 1494-1502. doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2183436Gallo, D., Landi, C., Luiso, M., & Fiorucci, E. (2014). Survey on Voltage Dip Measurements in Standard Framework. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 63(2), 374-387. doi:10.1109/tim.2013.2278996Ipinnimo, O., Chowdhury, S., Chowdhury, S. P., & Mitra, J. (2013). A review of voltage dip mitigation techniques with distributed generation in electricity networks. Electric Power Systems Research, 103, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2013.05.004Hossain, M. J., Pota, H. R., Ugrinovskii, V. A., & Ramos, R. A. (2010). Simultaneous STATCOM and Pitch Angle Control for Improved LVRT Capability of Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 1(3), 142-151. doi:10.1109/tste.2010.2054118Hossain, M. J., Pota, H. R., & Ramos, R. A. (2011). Robust STATCOM control for the stabilisation of fixed-speed wind turbines during low voltages. Renewable Energy, 36(11), 2897-2905. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.010Hossain, M. J., Pota, H. R., & Ramos, R. A. (2012). Improved low-voltage-ride-through capability of fixed-speed wind turbines using decentralised control of STATCOM with energy storage system. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 6(8), 719. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0537Wessels, C., Hoffmann, N., Molinas, M., & Fuchs, F. W. (2013). StatCom control at wind farms with fixed-speed induction generators under asymmetrical grid faults. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(7), 2864-2873. doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2233694Obando-Montaño, A., Carrillo, C., CidrĂĄs, J., & DĂ­az-Dorado, E. (2014). A STATCOM with Supercapacitors for Low-Voltage Ride-Through in Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines. Energies, 7(9), 5922-5952. doi:10.3390/en7095922Moghadasi, A., Sarwat, A., & Guerrero, J. M. (2016). A comprehensive review of low-voltage-ride-through methods for fixed-speed wind power generators. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 823-839. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.020Heydari-doostabad, H., Khalghani, M. R., & Khooban, M. H. (2016). A novel control system design to improve LVRT capability of fixed speed wind turbines using STATCOM in presence of voltage fault. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 77, 280-286. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.011Fortmann, J., Engelhardt, S., Kretschmann, J., Feltes, C., & Erlich, I. (2014). New Generic Model of DFG-Based Wind Turbines for RMS-Type Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 29(1), 110-118. doi:10.1109/tec.2013.2287251Goksu, O., Altin, M., Fortmann, J., & Sorensen, P. E. (2016). Field Validation of IEC 61400-27-1 Wind Generation Type 3 Model With Plant Power Factor Controller. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 31(3), 1170-1178. doi:10.1109/tec.2016.2540006Honrubia-Escribano, A., JimĂ©nez-BuendĂ­a, F., GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E., & Fortmann, J. (2016). Validation of Generic Models for Variable Speed Operation Wind Turbines Following the Recent Guidelines Issued by IEC 61400-27. Energies, 9(12), 1048. doi:10.3390/en9121048Honrubia-Escribano, A., Jimenez-Buendia, F., Gomez-Lazaro, E., & Fortmann, J. (2018). Field Validation of a Standard Type 3 Wind Turbine Model for Power System Stability, According to the Requirements Imposed by IEC 61400-27-1. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 33(1), 137-145. doi:10.1109/tec.2017.2737703Lorenzo-Bonache, A., Honrubia-Escribano, A., JimĂ©nez-BuendĂ­a, F., Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á., & GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E. (2017). Generic Type 3 Wind Turbine Model Based on IEC 61400-27-1: Parameter Analysis and Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies, 10(9), 1441. doi:10.3390/en10091441Honrubia-Escribano, A., JimĂ©nez-BuendĂ­a, F., Sosa-Avendaño, J. L., Gartmann, P., Frahm, S., Fortmann, J., 
 GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E. (2019). Fault-Ride Trough Validation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 and Type 4 Models of Different Wind Turbine Manufacturers. Energies, 12(16), 3039. doi:10.3390/en12163039Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Long, H., Xu, J., & Liu, R. (2017). Wind Turbine Gearbox Failure Identification With Deep Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(3), 1360-1368. doi:10.1109/tii.2016.2607179Hansen, A. D., & Hansen, L. H. (2007). Wind turbine concept market penetration over 10 years (1995–2004). Wind Energy, 10(1), 81-97. doi:10.1002/we.210IEC 61400-27-1. Electrical Simulation Models—Wind Turbines; Technical Reporthttps://webstore.iec.ch/publication/21811VĂĄzquez-HernĂĄndez, C., Serrano-GonzĂĄlez, J., & Centeno, G. (2017). A Market-Based Analysis on the Main Characteristics of Gearboxes Used in Onshore Wind Turbines. Energies, 10(11), 1686. doi:10.3390/en10111686Duong, M., Grimaccia, F., Leva, S., Mussetta, M., & Le, K. (2015). Improving Transient Stability in a Grid-Connected Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator Wind Turbine System Using a Fuzzy Logic Controller. Energies, 8(7), 6328-6349. doi:10.3390/en8076328Cheng, M., & Zhu, Y. (2014). The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 88, 332-347. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037Pinar PĂ©rez, J. M., GarcĂ­a MĂĄrquez, F. P., Tobias, A., & Papaelias, M. (2013). Wind turbine reliability analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 463-472. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.018Sumathi, S., Ashok Kumar, L., & Surekha, P. (2015). Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Green Energy and Technology, 247-307. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14941-7_4FernĂĄndez-GuillamĂłn, A., SarasĂșa, J. I., Chazarra, M., Vigueras-RodrĂ­guez, A., FernĂĄndez-Muñoz, D., & Molina-GarcĂ­a, Á. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 121, 106044. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044Liu, J., Gao, Y., Geng, S., & Wu, L. (2017). Nonlinear Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines via Fuzzy Techniques. IEEE Access, 5, 27-34. doi:10.1109/access.2016.2599542Margaris, I. D., Hansen, A. D., SĂžrensen, P., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2010). Illustration of Modern Wind Turbine Ancillary Services. Energies, 3(6), 1290-1302. doi:10.3390/en3061290Wan, S., Cheng, K., Sheng, X., & Wang, X. (2019). Characteristic Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine under Blade Mass Imbalance Fault in View of Wind Speed Spatiotemporal Distribution. Energies, 12(16), 3178. doi:10.3390/en12163178Boukhezzar, B., & Siguerdidjane, H. (2011). Nonlinear Control of a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Using a Two-Mass Model. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 26(1), 149-162. doi:10.1109/tec.2010.2090155Chu, Yuan, Hu, Pan, & Pan. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Identification Methods for Mechanical Dynamics of Large-Scale Wind Turbine. Energies, 12(18), 3429. doi:10.3390/en12183429Villena-Ruiz, R., Honrubia-Escribano, A., Fortmann, J., & GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E. (2020). Field validation of a standard Type 3 wind turbine model implemented in DIgSILENT-PowerFactory following IEC 61400-27-1 guidelines. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 116, 105553. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105553Ekanayake, J. B., Holdsworth, L., & Jenkins, N. (2003). Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Electric Power Systems Research, 67(3), 207-215. doi:10.1016/s0378-7796(03)00109-3Brandl, R. (2017). Operational Range of Several Interface Algorithms for Different Power Hardware-In-The-Loop Setups. Energies, 10(12), 1946. doi:10.3390/en10121946Matar, M., Karimi, H., Etemadi, A., & Iravani, R. (2012). A High Performance Real-Time Simulator for Controllers Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing. Energies, 5(6), 1713-1733. doi:10.3390/en506171

    Identification of Linearized RMS-Voltage Dip Patterns Based on Clustering in Renewable Plants

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    [EN] Generation units connected to the grid are currently required to meet low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements. In most developed countries, these requirements also apply to renewable sources, mainly wind power plants and photovoltaic installations connected to the grid. This study proposes an alternative characterisation solution to classify and visualise a large number of collected events in light of current limits and requirements. The authors' approach is based on linearised root-mean-square-(RMS)-voltage trajectories, taking into account LRVT requirements, and a clustering process to identify the most likely pattern trajectories. The proposed solution gives extensive information on an event's severity by providing a simple but complete visualisation of the linearised RMS-voltage patterns. In addition, these patterns are compared to current LVRT requirements to determine similarities or discrepancies. A large number of collected events can then be automatically classified and visualised for comparative purposes. Real disturbances collected from renewable sources in Spain are used to assess the proposed solution. Extensive results and discussions are also included in this study.The authors thank the financial support from the 'Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad' (Spain) and the European Union - ENE2016-78214-C2-2-R, Fulbright/Spanish Ministry of Education Visiting Scholar - PRX14/00694. This work was also supported by the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGarcĂ­a-SĂĄnchez, TM.; GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E.; Muljadi, E.; Kessler, M.; Muñoz-Benavente, I.; Molina-GarcĂ­a, A. (2018). Identification of Linearized RMS-Voltage Dip Patterns Based on Clustering in Renewable Plants. IET Generation Transmission & Distribution. 12(6):1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0474S12561262126Craciun B. Kerekes T. 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The potential impacts of grid-connected distributed generation and how to address them: A review of technical and non-technical factors. Energy Policy, 39(10), 6280-6290. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.027Sangroniz N. Mora J.A. Teixeira M.D.: ‘Review of international grid codes for wind generation’ 2009‘Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2016’. Technical Report European Photovoltaic Industry Association 2012. Available atwww.epia.orgKim S. Bollen M.: ‘Towards the development of a set of grid code requirements for wind farms: transient reactive power requirements’. Technical Report Available as Elforsk Report 13 : 04. Part 3 Report of Vindforsk Project V‐369 Vindforsk III January2013Tsili, M., & Papathanassiou, S. (2009). A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms. IET Renewable Power Generation, 3(3), 308. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0070Hossain, J., & Mahmud, A. (Eds.). (2014). Renewable Energy Integration. 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A., Molina-GarcĂ­a, A., & Vigueras-RodrĂ­guez, A. (2011). Validation of a double fed induction generator wind turbine model and wind farm verification following the Spanish grid code. Wind Energy, 15(4), 645-659. doi:10.1002/we.498Montoro D.: ‘Recommendations for unified technical regulations for grid‐connected PV systems’. Technical Report SUNRISE project – European Photovoltaic Industry Association the European Construction Industry Federation the European Association of Electrical Contractors International Union of Architects 2009. Available athttp://www.pvsunrise.eu/Merino, J., Mendoza-Araya, P., & Veganzones, C. (2014). State of the Art and Future Trends in Grid Codes Applicable to Isolated Electrical Systems. Energies, 7(12), 7936-7954. doi:10.3390/en7127936deAlmeida P. Barbosa P. Duque C.et al.: ‘Grid connection considerations for the integration of PV and wind sources’.IEEE 16th Int. 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    Dynamical modelling of power systems with power electronic controllers using individual channel analysis and design

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    Global demand for electrical energy is at an all time high. In industrialised societies consumers have come to expect an interruption-free, high-quality electricity supply and environmentally aware consumers and pressure groups have been very successful in encouraging the electricity supply industry towards incorporating, as part of the generation mix, sources of electricity that are benign to the environment. In some European countries great progress has been made in the integration of wind generation and photo-voltaics. Moreover, the industry has gone through major privatisation and deregulation programmes worldwide; and there is the notion in some quarters that deregulation and widespread cross-border interconnections may have exacerbated the incidence of wide-area break-downs in electricity supply. The challenges facing today’s electricity supply industry are many, and the technology to deliver the necessary grid control is still underdeveloped. A major research thrust is required to make a power network flexible, resilient and responsive to the consumer’s wishes of being supplied with environmentally sound electricity. Renewable generation such as wind and marine turbines and photo-voltaic cells need power electronics and effective controllers if they are to be successfully integrated into the electricity grid without reduction of supply quality. The dynamical interaction of multi-machine networks, power electronics and large penetration of intermittent generation are highly complex phenomena and a better understanding of their dynamical behaviour is mandatory before larger increases of intermittent generation are added to it, to avoid widespread black-outs and thwarted energy transactions. The impact of successful integration of FACTS equipment into power systems networks worldwide is affecting all sectors of the market: power generation, transmission, distribution, utilisation and equipment manufacturers. However, further progress requires investigating further the dynamic performance of the FACTS technology in order to continue acquiring leading-edge, relevant knowledge. Devices used to enhance the stability of power systems such as the Static VAr Compensator (SVC) and the Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) are prime candidates for investigation owing to their popularity. Both FACTS controllers are comprehensively investigated in this research. The main aims of this research project are to develop and evaluate dynamic high-order multi-machine models, dynamic models of FACTS devices, such as the SVC and the TCSC, with particular emphasis in their electromechanical oscillations damping capabilities; to carry out fundamental analyses and control system designs of synchronous generators and FACTS controllers; and to investigate their dynamic effects and interactions with the power network. Individual Channel Analysis and Design (ICAD), a classical oriented multivariable control systems framework is used in this research project. ICAD has shown its suitability for carrying out small-signal stability assessments, with which it has been possible to evaluate the potential robustness and performance of the control system design, affording physical insight

    Power quality enhancement in electricity networks using grid-connected solar and wind based DGs

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    The integration of DG into utility networks has significantly increased over the past years primarily as a result of growing energy demand, coupled with the environmental impacts posed by conventional fossil fuel-based power generation. The prominent DG technologies which are capable of meeting bulk energy demands and are clean energy sources are wind and solar energy sources. The resources for solar and wind based DG are available in abundance in most geographical locations in South Africa and the rest of Africa. Through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) introduced by the South African government in 2011, 3 920 MW of renewable energy has been procured to date. Out of this, solar and wind energy constitute 2 200 MW and 960 MW, respectively. Grid integration of solar and wind-based intermittent DGs may however pose negative impacts on the quality of power supplied by the utility network. Some of the detrimental impacts of DG include voltage fluctuations, flicker, etc. which are in general categorised as power quality (PQ) problems. The proper planning of DG integration is required to mitigate the negative impacts they pose on system's PQ to ensure that the performance of the utility network is enhanced in terms of the overall PQ improvement of the system. This dissertation reviews general PQ problems in utility networks with DG integration and whether poor planning of DG integration affects PQ negatively. The work emphasizes on the impacts of grid integration of wind and solar PV sources on power quality. It investigates the manner in which wind and solar energy systems differ in their impacts and capacity to improve PQ of the network in terms of a number of factors such as point of integration and capacity of DG, type of DG, network loading, etc. The role of grid-integrated DG in PQ improvement in electricity network is also investigated by exploring different PQ improvement techniques. The networks considered for the grid integration of DG for PQ improvement in this work are the IEEE 9-bus sub-transmission network at the nominal voltage of 230kV and the IEEE 33-bus distribution network at the nominal voltage of 12 kV. The aspects essential for facilitating proper planning of DG integration for PQ improvement and total loss reduction are investigated and the comparative analysis is made between grid integration of wind and solar PV based DGs. The simulations of different case studies in this work are done using DIgSILENT PowerFactory version 14.1 as well as coding in MATLAB. The cases studies conducted are aimed at facilitating the proper planning of grid integration of wind and solar PV-based DGs by comparing their PQ improvement capabilities under different scenarios. First the investigation of how their location and capacity affect the network voltage profiles and active power losses is conducted. Their ability to improve the system's PQ is also studied by observing PQ improvement strategies such as voltage control, installation of energy storage and the optimal placement of DGs under different scenarios. In order to account for the weakness of most South African utility grids, PQ improvement in weak networks with DG integration is also studied by investigating how DG integration in networks with different grid strengths affect the system's PQ. The results provide an understanding of the role of grid integration of wind and solar based DGs on PQ which is useful in the planning of grid integration of RE, particularly in South African electricity networks. The results revealed that the location and capacity of integrated DGs indeed affect the quality of power as well as active power losses in the grid. It is also established that a significant improvement in network's PQ and line loss reduction can be achieved in networks with wind and solar integration. The results however indicated that wind and solar PV based DGs differ in their impacts and capacity to improve the quality of power in the network. Furthermore, the results revealed that wind and solar plants integration into weak utility grids may pose adverse impacts on the system's PQ. It was however established that including reactive power control devices such as STATCOM and SVC at the PCC can successfully improve the system's PQ and enable grid code compliance in electricity networks with DG integration

    Systematic mapping of power system models: Expert survey

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    The power system is one of the main subsystems of larger energy systems. It is a complex system in itself, consisting of an ever-changing infrastructure used by a large number of actors of very different sizes. The boundaries of the power system are characterised by ever-evolving interfaces with equally complex subsystems such as gas transport and distribution, heating and cooling, and, increasingly, transport. The situation is further complicated by the fact that electricity is only a carrier, able to fulfil demand for such things as lighting, heat or mobility. One specific and fundamental feature of the electricity system is that demand and generation must match at any time, while satisfying technical and economic constraints. In most of the world’s power systems, only relatively small quantities of electricity can be stored, and only for limited periods of time. A detailed analysis of supply and demand is thus needed for short time intervals. Mathematical models facilitate power system planning, operation, transmission and distribution, demonstrating problems that need to be solved over different timescales and horizons. The use of modelling to understand these processes is not only vital for the system’s direct actors, i.e. the companies involved in the generation, trade, transmission, distribution and use of electricity, but also for policy-makers and regulators. Power system models can provide evidence to support policy-making at European Union, Member State and Regional level. As a consequence of the growth in computing power, mathematical models for power systems have become more accessible. The number of models available worldwide, and the degree of detail they provide, is growing fast. A proper mapping of power system models is therefore essential in order to: - provide an overview of power system models and their applications available in, or used by, European organisations; - analyse their modelling features; - identify modelling gaps. Few reviews have been conducted to date of the power system modelling landscape. The mission of the Knowledge for the Energy Union Unit of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) is to support policies related to the Energy Union by anticipating, mapping, collating, analysing, quality checking and communicating all relevant data/knowledge, including knowledge gaps, in a systematic and digestible way. This report therefore constitutes: - From the energy modelling perspective, a useful mapping exercise that could help promote knowledge-sharing and thus increase efficiency and transparency in the modelling community. It could trigger new, unexplored avenues of research. It also represents an ideal starting point for systematic review activities in the context of the power system. - From the knowledge management perspective, a useful blueprint to be adopted for similar mapping exercises in other thematic areas. Finally, this report is aligned with the objectives of the European Commission's Competence Centre on Modelling, (1) launched on 26 October 2017 and hosted by the JRC, which aims to promote a responsible, coherent and transparent use of modelling to support the evidence base for European Union policies. In order to meet the objectives of this report, an online survey was used to collect detailed and relevant information about power system models. The participants’ answers were processed to categorise and describe the modelling tools identified. The survey, conducted by the Knowledge for the Energy Union Unit of the JRC, comprised a set of questions for each model to ascertain its basic information, its users, software characteristics, modelling properties, mathematical description, policy-making applications, selected references, and more. The survey campaign was organised in two rounds between April and July 2017. 228 surveys were sent to power system experts and organisations, and 82 questionnaires were completed. The answers were processed to map the knowledge objectively. (2) The main results of the survey can be summarised as follows: - Software-related features: about two thirds of the models require third-party software such as commercial optimisation solvers or off-the-shelf software. Only 14% of the models are open source, while 11% are free to download. - Modelling-related features: models are mostly defined as optimisation problems (78%) rather than simulation (33%) or equilibrium problems (13%). 71% of the models solve a deterministic problem while 41% solve probabilistic or stochastic problems. - Modelled power system problems: the economic dispatch problem is the most commonly modelled problem with a share of approximately 70%, followed by generation expansion planning, unit commitment, and transmission expansion planning, with around 40‒43% each. Most of the models (57%) have non-public input data while 31% of models use open input data. - Modelled technologies: hydro, wind, thermal, storage and nuclear technologies are widely taken into account, featuring in around 83‒94% of models. However, HVDC, wave tidal, PSTs, and FACTS (3) are not often found unless the analysis is specifically performed for those technologies. - Applicability in the context of European energy policy: more than half of the mapped models (56%) were used to answer a specific policy question. Of the five Energy Union strategic dimensions, integration of the European Union internal energy market was addressed the most often (27%), followed by climate action (23%), research, innovation and competitiveness (21%), and energy efficiency (15%). This report includes JRC recommendations based on the results of the survey, on future research avenues for power system modelling and its applicability within the Energy Union strategic dimensions. More attention should be paid, for example, to model uncertainty features, and collaboration among researchers and practitioners should be promoted to intensify research into specific power system problems such as AC (4) optimal power flow. The report includes factsheets for each model analysed, summarising relevant characteristics based on the participants’ answers. While this report represents a scientific result per se, one of the expected (and welcomed) outcomes of this mapping exercise is to raise awareness of power system modelling activities among European policy makers.JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Unio

    Dynamic Modelling of Advanced Battery Energy Storage System for Grid-Tied AC Microgrid Applications

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    In the last decade, power generation technology innovations and a changing economic, financial, and regulatory environment of the power markets have resulted in a renewed interest in on-site small-scale electricity generation, also called distributed, dispersed or decentralized generation (DG). Other major factors that have contributed to this evolution are the constraints on the construction of new transmission lines, the increased customer demand for highly reliable electricity and concerns about climate change. Along with DG, local storage directly coupled to the grid (aka distributed energy storage or DES) is also assuming a major role for balancing supply and demand, as was done in the early days of the power industry. All these distributed energy resources (DERs), i.e. DG and DES, are presently increasing their penetration in developed countries as a means to produce in-situ highly reliable and good quality electrical power. Incorporating advanced technologies, sophisticated control strategies and integrated digital communications into the existing electricity grid results in Smart Grids (SGs), which are presently seen as the energy infrastructure of the future intelligent cities. Smart grids allow delivering electricity to consumers using two-way (full-duplex) digital technology that enable the efficient management of consumers and the efficient use of the grid to identify and correct supply-demand imbalances. Smartness in integrated energy systems (IESs) which are called microgrids (MG) refers to the ability to control and manage energy consumption and production in the distribution level. In such IES systems, the grid-interactive AC microgrid is a novel network structure that allows obtaining the better use of DERs by operating a cluster of loads, DG and DES as a single controllable system with predictable generation and demand that provides both power and heat to its local area by using advanced equipments and control methods. This grid, which usually operates connected to the main power network but can be autonomously isolated (island operation) during an unacceptable power quality condition, is a new concept developed to cope with the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). Grid connection of RESs, such as wind and solar (photovoltaic and thermal), is becoming today an important form of DG. The penetration of these DG units into microgrids is growing rapidly, enabling reaching high percentage of the installed generating capacity. However, the fluctuating and intermittent nature of this renewable generation causes variations of power flow that can significantly affect the operation of the electrical grid. This situation can lead to severe problems that dramatically jeopardize the microgrid security, such as system frequency oscillations, and/or violations of power lines capability margin, among others. This condition is worsened by the low inertia present in the microgrid; thus requiring having available sufficient fast-acting spinning reserve, which is activated through the MG primary frequency control. To overcome these problems, DES systems based on emerging technologies, such as advanced battery energy storage systems (ABESSs), arise as a potential alternative in order to balance any instantaneous mismatch between generation and load in the microgrid. With proper controllers, these advanced DESs are capable of supplying the microgrid with both active and reactive power simultaneously and very fast, and thus are able to provide the required security level. The most important advantages of these advanced DESs devices include: high power and energy density with outstanding conversion efficiency, and fast and independent power response in four quadrants. Much work has been done, especially over the last decades, to assess the overall benefits of incorporating energy storage systems into power systems. However, much less has been done particularly on advanced distributed energy storage and its utilization in emerging electrical microgrid, although major benefits apply. Moreover, no studies have been conducted regarding a comparative analysis of the modeling and controlling of these modern DES technologies and its dynamic response in promising grid-interactive AC microgrids applications. In this chapter, a unique assessment of the dynamic performance of novel BESS technologies for the stabilization of the power flow of emerging grid-interactive AC microgrids with RESs is presented. Generally, electrochemical batteries include the classic and well-known lead-acid type as well as the modern advanced battery energy storage systems. ABESSs comprise new alkaline batteries, nickel chemistry (nickel-metal hydride?NiMH, and nickel-cadmium?NiCd), lithium chemistry (lithium-ion?Li-Ion, and lithium?polymer-Li-po), and sodium chemistry (sodium-sulfur?NaS, and sodium-salt?NaNiCl). In this work, of the various advanced BESSs nowadays existing, the foremost ones are evaluated. In this sense, the design and implementation of the proposed ABESSs systems are described, including the power conditioning system (PCS) used as interface with the grid. Moreover, the document provides a comprehensive analysis of both the dynamic modeling and the control design of the leading ABESSs aiming at enhancing the operation security of the AC microgrid in both grid-independent (autonomous island) and grid-interactive (connected) modes...Fil: Sarasua, Antonio Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Marcelo Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Mercado, Pedro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

    Modular DC/DC Converter for DC Distribution and Collection Networks

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    A major change in the electrical transmission and distribution system is taking place in Europe at the moment. The shift from a centralised energy production to a distributed generation profoundly changes the behaviour of the grid. Environmental or social issues associated with the construction of new power lines to relieve bottlenecks, together with aged equipment dating from the 1960s, pose some serious challenges to government, the research community and the economy. Concepts of reactive compensation, harmonic cancellation, voltage stability, power quality and bulky low-frequency transformers need to be redefined for power exchange and transmission in the future. Photovoltaics, wind turbines, fuel cells, storage systems and uninterruptible power supplies use many power electronic interface circuits, where DC intermediate levels already exist. Large photovoltaic- or wind- powered installations, which are connected to a cable network, are characterised by non-negligible distances due to their low power-by-surface density. On the side of the consumer, current trends show an increasing use of DC in end-user equipment. In such a context, the numerous advantages of power electronics and DC cables may sometimes out-weigh their higher cost. In the future, high-power semiconductor devices that allow higher switching frequencies of the converters may make it possible to down-size even more the passive components. This would significantly reduce raw material consumption and therefore cost, something that is crucial for the market to accept the technology. In the first part of this PhD thesis, the advantages of DC distribution in terms of transmission losses are illustrated with the help of three case studies. The second part and the main contribution of this thesis is the analysis of a promising candidate for a power electronic transformer, the key component of any DC based grid. It is a bidirectional isolated DC/DC converter based on modular multilevel converters, which are well suited for medium or even high voltage range. The motivation was to investigate a converter operation with important voltage elevation ratios, capable of adapting the voltage level between low, medium and high voltage. A medium-frequency isolation stage provides the possibility of downsizing the passive components. Two modulation methods, a multilevel and a two-level operation, were analysed and compared in terms of losses. The modular DC/DC converter is an attractive solution for the sensitive aspect of the short-circuit behaviour of classical DC links and power lines. The converter can also handle short circuits without the need for additional protection devices, such as circuit breakers. Given the many advantages of DC systems (reduced environmental impact, reduced space requirements, reduced raw material use, high power quality, power flow control, low transmission losses), this new technology must, at least, be considered when assessing the extension or the renovation of conventional AC grids
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