Exploiting social internet of things features in cognitive radio

Cognitive radio (CR) represents the proper technological solution in case of radio resources scarcity and availability of shared channels. For the deployment of CR solutions, it is important to implement proper sensing procedures, which are aimed at continuously surveying the status of the channels. However, accurate views of the resources status can be achieved only through the cooperation of many sensing devices. For these reasons, in this paper, we propose the utilization of the Social Internet of Things (SIoT) paradigm, according to which objects are capable of establishing social relationships in an autonomous way, with respect to the rules set by their owners. The resulting social network enables faster and trustworthy information/service discovery exploiting the social network of friend'' objects.We first describe the general approach according to which members of the SIoT collaborate to exchange channel status information. Then, we discuss the main features, i.e., the possibility to implement a distributed approach for a low-complexity cooperation and the scalability feature in heterogeneous networks. Simulations have also been run to show the advantages in terms of increased capacity and decreased interference probability

Field Measurements in Determining Incumbent Spectrum Utilization and Protection Criteria in Wireless Co-existence Studies

Studies of spectrum sharing and co-existence between different wireless communication systems are important, as the current aim is to optimize their spectrum utilization and shift from static exclusive spectrum allocation to more dynamic co-existence of different systems within same frequency bands. The main goal of this thesis is to provide measurement methodologies for obtaining realistic results in modeling incumbent spectrum utilization and in determining incumbent protection criteria. The following research questions are considered in this thesis: Q1) How should field measurements be conducted and used to model incumbent spectrum utilization? Q2) How should field measurements be conducted and used to determine protection criteria for incumbents in a co-existence scenario with mobile broadband? and Q3) Which licensing methods and technological solutions are feasible to enable spectrum sharing in frequency bands with incumbents? To answer to Q1, this thesis describes the development of a spectrum observatory network concept created through international collaboration and presents measurement methodologies, which allow to obtain realistic spectrum occupancy data over geographical areas using interference map concept. A cautious approach should be taken in making strong conclusions from previous single fixed location spectrum occupancy studies, and measurements covering larger geographical areas might be needed if the measurement results are to be used in making spectrum management decisions. The field interference measurements considered in Q2 are not covered well in the current research literature. The measurements are expensive to conduct as they require substantial human resources, test network infrastructure, professional level measurement devices and radio licenses. However, field measurements are needed to study and verify hypotheses from computer simulations or theoretical analyses in realistic operating conditions, as field measurement conditions can not or are not practical to be adequately modeled in simulations. This thesis proposes measurement methodologies to obtain realistic results from field interference measurements, taking into account the propagation environments and external sources of interference. Less expensive simulations and laboratory measurements should be used both to aid in the planning of field measurements and to complement the results obtained from field measurements. Q3 is investigated through several field interference measurement campaigns to determine incumbent protection criteria and by analyzing the spectrum observatory data to determine the occupancy and trends in incumbent spectrum utilization. The field interference measurement campaigns have been conducted in real TV White Space, LTE Supplemental Downlink and Licensed Shared Access test network environments, and the obtained measurement results have been contributed to the development of the European spectrum regulation. In addition, field measurements have been conducted to contribute to the development and technical validation of the spectrum sharing frameworks. This thesis also presents an overview of the current status and possible directions in spectrum sharing. In conclusion, no single spectrum sharing method can provide universally optimal efficiency in spectrum utilization. Thus, an appropriate spectrum sharing framework should be chosen taking into account both the spectrum utilization of the current incumbents and the future needs in wireless communications.Siirretty Doriast

Malawi's TV white space regulations : a review and comparison with FCC and Ofcom regulations

Regulators are in the process of framing regulations to allow secondary use of vacant TV channels while protecting TV broadcast services from harmful interference. While the US and UK regulators have already passed such regulations in 2008 and 2015 respectively, other countries are still in drafting stages and the underlying circumstances in these countries could be different from those of the US and UK. Malawi released its final draft regulations in 2016. While the US and UK legislate for dynamic spectrum access and licence-exemption for secondary users, Malawi’s draft regulations require such users to apply for a licence for assigned TV white space spectrum. This paper provides an analytical review of Malawi’s regulations and a comparison with FCC and Ofcom regulations, which new regulations can build on. This analysis will also inform future work on network management tools that can enable practical deployment and coexistence of large-scale TV white space networks in a dynamic spectrum access environment in Africa

5G and beyond networks

This chapter investigates the Network Layer aspects that will characterize the merger of the cellular paradigm and the IoT architectures, in the context of the evolution towards 5G-and-beyond, including some promising emerging services as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles or Base Stations, and V2X communications

Cooperative Spectrum Sharing of Cellular LTE-Advanced and Broadcast DVB-T2 Systems

The allocation of parts of the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band to International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) technologies on a co-primary basis with terrestrial broadcasting technologies has been the major change in worldwide spectrum allocation in recent years. Nowadays, thanks to the Second Generation for Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T2) and the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) technologies a new model of cooperation between cellular and broadcasting systems arises, where the cellular network can use of broadcast spectrum using time multiplexing. This paper proposes the cooperative spectrum sharing of DTT spectrum between DVB-T2 systems and LTE-A cellular networks by means of the use of DVB-T2 FEF for LTE-A analyzing the potential benefit.Calabuig Gaspar, J.; Monserrat Del Río, JF.; Gómez Barquero, D.; Cardona Marcet, N. (2013). Cooperative Spectrum Sharing of Cellular LTE-Advanced and Broadcast DVB-T2 Systems. Transaction on IoT and Cloud Computing. 1(1):1-16. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/46750S1161

Uso Potencial de la Banda de UHF para Internet of Things: Espectro Compartido entre Servicios de TDT e IoT

El trabajo consiste en la determinación experimental de los límites de coexistencia, en la misma zona geográfica y en la misma banda de frecuencias, de sistemas de radiodifusión de Televisión de nueva generación (DVB-T2) y las redes de telefonía móvil de 4G, que operan con el estándar 3GPP-LTE. Se realizarán medidas en laboratorio y en campo. Como resultado del trabajo fin de grado se presentarán las guías de implementación de despliegue para varios escenarios reales. El alumno realizará su trabajo en las instalaciones del Instituto de Telecomunicaciones iTEAM en el campus de Vera de la UPVLlamas Muñoz, K. (2016). Uso Potencial de la Banda de UHF para Internet of Things: Espectro Compartido entre Servicios de TDT e IoT. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/80428.TFG

Cognitive radio for TVWS usage

Spectrum scarcity is an emerging issue in wireless communication systems due to the increasing demand of broadband services like mobile communications, wireless internet access, IoT applications, among others. The migration of analog TV to digital systems (a.k.a. digital TV switchover) has led to the release of a significant spectrum share that can be used to support said additional services. Likewise, TV white spaces emerge as spectral opportunities that can also be explored. Hence, cognitive radio (CR) presents itself as a feasible approach to efficiently use resources and exploit gaps within the spectrum. The goal of this paper is to unveil the state of the art revolving around the usage of TV white spaces, including some of the most important methods developed to exploit such spaces, upcoming opportunities, challenges for future research projects, and suggestions to improve current models

Measured Interference of LTE Uplink Signals on DVB-T Channels, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2015, nr 4

Because of the decision, taken during the ITU WRC-07, to allocate the upper part of the so-called digital dividend spectrum for mobile services on a co-primary basis with TV broadcast services, the involved stakeholders have a great interest in avoiding any interference caused by signals transmitted in adjacent bands. In this context the paper presents some experimental results of a study addressed to assess the effects produced by an interferential LTE signal transmitted from a user terminal when it is in proximity of a television antenna that receives DVB-T signals. The study has been conducted in the context of collaboration between Fondazione Ugo Bordoni and ISCTI, the scientific and technical body of the Italian Ministry of Economic Development, using high professional laboratory equipments and considering different experimental simulation test setups. Several simulation scenarios have been analyzed and results in terms of protection ratio and protection distance have been carried out

Compartición del Espectro Radioeléctrico entre Tecnologías Inalámbricas de Última Generación en la Banda de la Televisión Digital Terrestre

La presente tesis aborda la problemática de la convivencia entre las redes de la televisión digital terrestre y móvil de cuarta generación en la banda del primer dividendo digital (banda de 700 MHz), en Sudamérica. Además, se proponen dos potenciales casos de uso de compartición de espectro para el uso futuro de la banda de televisión después de los dividendos digitales, como modo de acceso eficiente y flexible para el uso del espectro radioeléctrico. Para garantizar la convivencia entre las tecnologías de televisión y móviles en la banda del primer dividendo digital en Sudamérica, se evalúa tanto el impacto de las redes móviles sobre las de televisión, así como el caso contrario, las redes de televisión sobre las móviles, teniendo en cuenta los parámetros técnicos de operación de cada una de las redes implicadas, los cuales son definidos por organismos de estandarización o parámetros reales de redes implementadas por cada país. Dentro de los parámetros técnicos de operación que se definieron para las redes podemos citar: márgenes de protección entre las señales de televisión y móviles; distancias de protección entre el transmisor interferente y el receptor víctima; banda de guarda requeridas entre las dos tecnologías; límites de emisiones interferentes fuera de banda; niveles de atenuación adicionales en las máscaras espectrales; evaluación de técnicas de mitigación de interferencias, entre otros. Es importe resaltar, que las principales diferencias entre los estudios de convivencia en Sudamérica respecto a Europa son: la banda de guarda en Sudamérica son 5 MHz mientras en Europa son 9 MHz; el ancho de banda de un canal de televisión en Sudamérica es 6 MHz respecto a 8 MHz en Europa; el estándar de televisión adoptados en casi toda Sudamérica es ISDB-Tb, a excepción de Colombia que adopto DVB-T2. Asimismo, en el ámbito de esta tesis, se proponen dos potenciales casos de estudio para el uso futuro de la banda de TV, promoviendo la compartición de espectro como un modo de acceso eficiente: El primer caso de estudio, propone un nuevo concepto de espacios en blanco llamado µ-TV-White-Space, los cuales son aquellas zonas geográficas en los interiores de una vivienda y/o oficina que no son cubiertas por el servicio de televisión digital terrestre, ya sea por la ausencia de cobertura o por obstáculos. El escenario propuesto es una red DVB-T2 ofreciendo cobertura en recepción fija sobre tejado, como servicio primario, y, femtoceldas LTE-A en interiores de un hogar u oficina, como servicio secundario. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan restricciones técnicas para que las femtoceldas LTE-A puedan operar correctamente en espectro compartido con los servicios de televisión. Específicamente, se define la Potencia Isotrópica Radiada Equivalente (PIRE) máxima que podrían transmitir las femtoceldas, en función de la separación en frecuencia con los servicios de televisión. El segundo caso de estudio, propone el uso de los espacios en blanco para la compartición de espectro entre los servicios de internet de las cosas bajo el estándar NB-LTE-IoT, como servicio secundario, y servicios de televisión digital terrestre bajo el estándar DVB-T2, como servicio primario. Se define la máxima potencia transmisible por los nodos y dispositivos IoT sin interferir al servicio primario. Además, se evalúa el impacto del ciclo de trabajo de los dispositivos considerando que existirá diversidad de aplicaciones. La importancia de esta propuesta se fundamenta en dos contribuciones: por un lado, se optimiza el uso de la banda de televisión mediante el acceso secundario de dispositivos de baja potencia en los espacios en blanco, siempre garantizando los servicios de televisión, como servicio primario, por otro lado, se contribuye con nuevas frecuencias para las tecnologías móviles de última generación, con el objetivo de aumentar la capacidad de las redes que soportarán tantoThis thesis deals with the issue about coexistence between television and fourth generation mobile networks within the band of the first digital dividend (700 MHz band), in South America. Moreover, two potential cases of sharing spectrum for future use of the television band after the digital dividends are suggested as an efficient and flexible way for usage of the radio spectrum. In order to ensure the coexistence between the television and mobile technologies within the band of the first digital dividend in South America, the impact of the mobile networks as well as the opposite case are assessed. The technical operation parameters for each of the involved networks defined by standardizing organisms or real parameters from implemented networks in each country are considered. Among the technical parameters that were defined for the networks, we can mention: protection ratio between television and mobile signals; protection distances between the interfering transmitter and the victim receiver; required guard bands between both technologies; maximum power of the interfering out-of-band emissions in adjacent channels; additional attenuation levels in the spectrum emission mask in transmission and reception; assessing of interference mitigation techniques, among others. It is important to highlight that the main differences between the coexistence studies for South America and Europe are: the guard bands in South America are 5 MHz whereas in Europe are 9 MHz; bandwidth for a channel in South America is 6 MHz in contrast with the 8 MHz of Europe; the television standard adopted in almost all South America is ISDB-Tb, except Colombia and the French Guiana, which adopted DVB-T2. Additionally, within the scope of this thesis, two potential study cases for future usage of the TV band are proposed, promoting sharing spectrum as an efficient access way: The first study we go a step beyond coexistence, since the aim is to exploit the unused radio spectrum in those geographical zones that are not covered because the useful signal is obstructed by the environment or it has a limited coverage by the network design. Those areas can be called "micro-TVWS" (µ-TV-White-Space). The most representative cases of our definition of µ-TV-White-Space are those indoor environments in areas where DTT received power is below the required sensitivity because a TV channel is broadcasted to rooftop reception. The proposed scenario considers a DTT network offering fixed rooftop reception as a primary service, and a LTE-A femtocell giving coverage within the interior of a home or office as a secondary service. Our results provide the technical restrictions of the LTE-A Femtocell, mainly on the maximum allowable Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) that could transmit on the DTT band in terms of carrier separation, from co-channel to adjacent band. The second study case, suggests the use of white spaces for spectrum sharing among the Internet of Things (IoT) services, under the NB-LTE-IoT standard, as secondary service, and digital terrestrial television services under the DVB-T2 standard, as primary service. The maximum transmissible power by the nodes and IoT devices without interfering the primary service is defined. Besides, the impact of the duty cycle of the devices is assessed considering that there will be a great diversity of applications, and thus, a great diversity of operation requirements. The significance of this proposal is due to two contributions: on the aone hand, the usage of the television band is optimized through secondary access of low power devices within the white spaces, always ensuring television services as primary service. On the other hand, new frequencies for last generation mobile technologies are given, with the aim at increasing the network capacity, which will bear mobile services as well as IoT, regarding the high challenge of offering connectivity to millions of devices during the next decade.La present tesi aborda la problemàtica de la convivència entres les xarxes de la televisió digital terrestre i mòbil de quarta generació en la banda del primer dividend digital (banda de 700 MHz), en Sud-Amèrica. A més, es proposen dos potencials casos d'ús compartit d'espectre per a l'ús futur de la banda de televisió després dels dividends digitals, com a mode d'accés eficient i flexible per a l'ús de l'espectre radioelèctric. Per tal de garantir la convivència entre les tecnologies de televisió i mòbils en la banda del primer dividend digital en Sud-Amèrica, s'avalua tant l'impacte de les xarxes mòbils sobre les de televisió, com el cas contrari, les xarxes de televisió sobre les mòbils, tenint en compte els paràmetres tècnics d'operació de cadascuna de les xarxes implicades, els quals són definits per organismes d'estandardització o paràmetres reals de xarxes implementades per cada país. Dins dels paràmetres tècnics d'operació que es van definir per a les xarxes podem citar: marges de protecció entre els senyals de televisió i mòbils; distàncies de protecció entre el transistor interferent i el receptor víctima; banda de guarda entre ambdós tecnologies; límits de les emissions interferents fora de banda; nivells d'atenuació addicionals en les màscares espectrals; avaluació de tècniques de mitigació d'interferències, entre d'altres. És important destacar, que les principals diferències entre els estudis de convivència en Sud-Amèrica respecte d'Europa són: la banda de guarda en Sud-Amèrica són 5 MHz mentre que a Europa són 9 MHz; l'amplària de banda d'un canal de televisió en Sud-Amèrica és de 6 MHz respecte dels 8 MHz a Europa; l'estàndard de televisió adoptat en quasi tota Sud-Amèrica és ISDB-Tb, excepte Colòmbia i la Guaiana Francesa que van adoptar DVB-T2. A Europa quasi tots els països tenen adoptats els estàndards DVB-T de primera i segona generació. Així mateix, en l'àmbit de la tesi, es proposen dos potencials casos d'estudi per a l'ús futur de la banda de TV, de manera que es promoga la compartició d'espectre com un mode d'accés eficient: El primer cas d'estudi, proposa un nou concepte d'espais en blanc anomenat µ-TV-White-Space, els quals són aquelles zones geogràfiques que no són cobertes pel servei de televisió digital terrestre, ja siga per l'absència de cobertura o per obstacles. L'escenari proposat és una xarxa DVB-T2 que ofereix cobertura en recepció fixa sobre terrat, com a servei primari, i femtocel·les LTE-A en interiors d'una llar o oficina, com a servei secundari. Els resultats obtinguts proporcionen restriccions tècniques per tal que les femtocel·les LTE-A puguen operar correctament en espectre compartit amb els serveis de televisió. Específicament, es defineix la Potència Isotròpica Radiada Equivalent (PIRE) màxima que podrien transmetre les femtocel·les, en funció de la separació en freqüència amb els serveis de televisió. El segon cas d'estudi, proposa l'ús d'espais en blanc per a la compartició d'espectre entre els serveis d'internet de les coses (Internet of Things o IOT, en anglès), sota l'estàndard NB-LTE-IoT, com a servei secundari, i serveis de televisió digital terrestre sota l'estàndard DVB-T2, com a servei primari. Es defineix la màxima potència transmissible pels nodes i dispositius IoT sense interferir al servei primari. A més, s'avalua l'impacte del cicle de treball dels dispositius considerant que existirà diversitat d'aplicacions, i, per tant, diversitat de requeriments d'operació. La importància d'aquesta proposta es fonamenta en dues contribucions: per una banda, s'optimitza l'ús de la banda de televisió mitjançant l'accés secundari de dispositius de baixa potència als espais en blanc, sempre garantint els serveis de televisió, com a servei primari. Per altra banda, es contribueix amb noves freqüències per a les tecnologies mòbils d'última generació, amb l'objectiu d'aMartínez Pinzón, G. (2018). Compartición del Espectro Radioeléctrico entre Tecnologías Inalámbricas de Última Generación en la Banda de la Televisión Digital Terrestre [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/102644TESI