The Interaction of Type II Diabetes and Gonadal Steroids on Cognition in Middle-Aged Women

Diabetes is not commonly thought to be a women’s health issue, however, it appears to have an association with increased cognitive impairment in women during menopause as compared to women without diabetes (Espeland et al., 2011). The present study investigated the effects of type II diabetes and menopause on cognition in women between the ages of 46 and 55 years. To assess cognition, participants performed the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS; Randolph 1998), Letter Number Sequencing Test (Wechsler, 1997), Trail Making Test (Delis, 2001), Verbal Fluency Test (Delis, 2001), Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (Wechsler, 2001), and the Buschke Selective Reminding and Delayed Recall Tests (Buschke, 1974). Participants also answered questionnaires on mood, diabetes, and hormone and reproductive history. No premenopausal women or perimenopausal women with diabetes participated. Women were divided into the following groups to examine the interactions of diabetes and hormones on cognition: perimenopausal women without diabetes, postmenopausal women with diabetes, and postmenopausal women without diabetes. It was predicted that women with diabetes would score lower on all tests, with an emphasis on difficulties with executive function and memory. Postmenopausal women with diabetes showed lower scores in working memory, executive control, visual attention, task switching, and episodic memory as seen in data from the Letter Number Sequencing Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Trail Making Test, and Buschke Selective Reminding and Delayed Recall Tests, respectively. Perimenopausal women without diabetes showed lower scores than postmenopausal women with and without diabetes on verbal memory and executive control. The sample of eight women was small, though there were indications of differences between groups highlighting the need for further research

Abnormal expression of p27kip1 protein in levator ani muscle of aging women with pelvic floor disorders – a relationship to the cellular differentiation and degeneration

BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor disorders affect almost 50% of aging women. An important role in the pelvic floor support belongs to the levator ani muscle. The p27/kip1 (p27) protein, multifunctional cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, shows changing expression in differentiating skeletal muscle cells during development, and relatively high levels of p27 RNA were detected in the normal human skeletal muscles. METHODS: Biopsy samples of levator ani muscle were obtained from 22 symptomatic patients with stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and overlaps (age range 38–74), and nine asymptomatic women (age 31–49). Cryostat sections were investigated for p27 protein expression and type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch) fibers. RESULTS: All fibers exhibited strong plasma membrane (and nuclear) p27 protein expression. cytoplasmic p27 expression was virtually absent in asymptomatic women. In perimenopausal symptomatic patients (ages 38–55), muscle fibers showed hypertrophy and moderate cytoplasmic p27 staining accompanied by diminution of type II fibers. Older symptomatic patients (ages 57–74) showed cytoplasmic p27 overexpression accompanied by shrinking, cytoplasmic vacuolization and fragmentation of muscle cells. The plasma membrane and cytoplasmic p27 expression was not unique to the muscle cells. Under certain circumstances, it was also detected in other cell types (epithelium of ectocervix and luteal cells). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the unusual (plasma membrane and cytoplasmic) expression of p27 protein in normal and abnormal human striated muscle cells in vivo. Our data indicate that pelvic floor disorders are in perimenopausal patients associated with an appearance of moderate cytoplasmic p27 expression, accompanying hypertrophy and transition of type II into type I fibers. The patients in advanced postmenopause show shrinking and fragmentation of muscle fibers associated with strong cytoplasmic p27 expression

GAMBARAN DENSITAS MINERAL TULANG WANITA POSTMENOPAUSE DI KELURAHAN TIMBANG GALUNG PEMATANGSIANTAR 2017

Osteoporosis merupakan kelainan metabolik tulang yang ditandai dengan berkurangnya massa tulang dan adanya kerusakan dari arsitektur tulang sehingga terjadi peningkatan kerapuhan tulang yang dapat menyebabkan mudah terjadi fraktur. Massa tulang yang berkurang akan membuat tulang semakin tipis dan rapuh sehingga mudah patah pada trauma yang ringan. Prevalensi osteoporosis lebih tinggi ditemukan pada wanita usia lanjut yaitu 80%. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui densitas mineral tulang pada wanita postmenopause di Kelurahan Timbang Galung Pematangsiantar 2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua wanita post menopause yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Sampel adalah wanita post menopause selama 1 tahun atau lebih, tidak minum susu dan bersedia menjadi sampel dengan menandatangani informed concent. Kriteria eksklusi adalah wanita post menopause dengan penyulit (asma, diabetes mellitus, hipertiroidisme, penyakit liver, dan remathoid arthritis) berdasarkan anamnesa. Besar sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 46 orang. Cara pengambilan sampel menggunakan consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan cara pengukuran tinggi dan berat badan serta pemeriksaan kadar densitas tulang. Pengukuran densitas tulang dilakukan pada os calcaneus kaki kanan menggunakan Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) dengan satuan BQI (Bone Quality Index). Pengolahan data menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata usia responden 61,07+6,99 tahun, usia menars 13,57+1,20 tahun, usia menopause 50,52+3,54 tahun, IMT 24,98+3,15 kg/m2, densitas mineral tulang 41,72+11,79 BQI dan 95,7% osteoporosis dini/osteopenia. Gambaran status densitas tulang wanita postmenopause di Kelurahan Timbang Galung Pematangsiantar adalah 95,7% osteoporosis dini/osteopenia dan 4,3% normal. Mengingat tingginya kejadian osteporosis dini/osteopenia, diharapkan masyarakat dapat memeriksakan densitas mineral tulang sedini mungkin dan melakukan berbagai upaya pencegahan. Diperlukan promosi dari petugas kesehatan untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan lansia terutama yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan tulan

Pengaruh Polymorphisme PvuII Gen Reseptor Estrogen Alfa terhadap Kadar Kalsium dan Phosphat Serum pada Wanita Postmenopause

Background: Estrogen has an important role in bone metabolism. The hypoestrogenemia condition occurring in postmenopausal women may affect bone metabolism. The mechanism action of estrogen to prevent the activity of osteoclast in bone resorption was mediated especially by estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1). The PvuII polymorphism that occurs in ESR1 gene may alter their expression and function.Objectives: the aim of this research was to determine the difference of serum calcium and phosphate level in postmenopausal women with PvuII polymorphism of the Estrogen receptor alpha geneMethod: This was cross sectional design. The subjects are postmenopausal women 50-70 year old .Twenty seven subject divided into two group, group I consisted of 15 women with genotype PP,Pp and group II consisted of 12 with genotype pp. polymorphism were assessed by Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragmen Length Polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) technique. Determination of serum calcium and phosphate level used spectrophotometer. The data was analyzed with Independent sample t-test.Results: The serum calcium level are 8,15 ± 1,35 mg/dl and 8,13 ± 1,58 mg/dl in genotype PP,Pp and pp respectively. The serum phosphate level are 3,8 ± 0,47 mg/dl and 4,24 ± 0,86 mg/dl in genotype PP,Pp and pp respectivelyConclusion: there were no statistically significant differences in serum calcium and phosphate level among genotype PP,Pp with pp ESRI gene(p>0,05) PvuII polymorphism of ESRI gene did not influence serum calcium and phosphate level in postmenopausal women

Risk prediction models with incomplete data with application to prediction of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study

Introduction A number of breast cancer risk prediction models have been developed to provide insight into a woman\u27s individual breast cancer risk. Although circulating levels of estradiol in postmenopausal women predict subsequent breast cancer risk, whether the addition of estradiol levels adds significantly to a model\u27s predictive power has not previously been evaluated. Methods Using linear regression, the authors developed an imputed estradiol score using measured estradiol levels (the outcome) and both case status and risk factor data (for example, body mass index) from a nested case-control study conducted within a large prospective cohort study and used multiple imputation methods to develop an overall risk model including both risk factor data from the main cohort and estradiol levels from the nested case-control study. Results The authors evaluated the addition of imputed estradiol level to the previously published Rosner and Colditz log-incidence model for breast cancer risk prediction within the larger Nurses\u27 Health Study cohort. The follow-up was from 1980 to 2000; during this time, 1,559 invasive estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cases were confirmed. The addition of imputed estradiol levels significantly improved risk prediction; the age-specific concordance statistic increased from 0.635 ± 0.007 to 0.645 ± 0.007 (P \u3c 0.001) after the addition of imputed estradiol. Conclusion Circulating estradiol levels in postmenopausal women appear to add to other lifestyle factors in predicting a woman\u27s individual risk of breast cancer