101 research outputs found

    Sex difference in brain CB1 receptor availability in man

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    none12The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a widespread neuromodulatory function in the central nervous system and is involved in important aspects of brain function including brain development, cortical rhythms, plasticity, reward, and stress sensitivity. Many of these effects are mediated via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) subtype. Animal studies convincingly show an interaction between the ECS and sex hormones, as well as a sex difference of higher brain CB1R in males. Human in vivo studies of sex difference have yielded discrepant findings. Gender differences in CB1R availability were investigated in vivo in 11 male and 11 female healthy volunteers using a specific CB1R tracer [18F]FMPEP-d2 and positron emission tomography (PET). Regional [18F]FMPEP-d2 distribution volume was used as a proxy for CB1R availability. In addition, we explored whether CB1R availability is linked to neuropsychological functioning. Relative to females, CB1R availability was on average 41% higher in males (p = 0.002) with a regionally specific effect larger in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices (p = 0.001). Inter-subject variability in CB1R availability was similar in both groups. Voxel-based analyses revealed an inverse association between CB1R availability and visuospatial working memory task performance in both groups (p noneLaurikainen, Heikki; Tuominen, Lauri; Tikka, Maria; Merisaari, Harri; Armio, Reetta-Liina; Sormunen, Elina; Borgan, Faith; Veronese, Mattia; Howes, Oliver; Haaparanta-Solin, Merja; Solin, Olof; Hietala, JarmoLaurikainen, Heikki; Tuominen, Lauri; Tikka, Maria; Merisaari, Harri; Armio, Reetta-Liina; Sormunen, Elina; Borgan, Faith; Veronese, Mattia; Howes, Oliver; Haaparanta-Solin, Merja; Solin, Olof; Hietala, Jarm

    Endogenous regulation of brown adipose tissue in humans

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    Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a functional and metabolically active tissue found in humans. Instead of storing energy like white adipose tissue (WAT), BAT dissipates energy in the form of heat in a process called thermogenesis. Enhanced BAT metabolism can increase metabolic rate and help regulate systemic glucose and lipid levels, hence stimulating BAT could provide a potential approach for the treatment and prevention of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease in humans. It is well known that human BAT can be activated by cold exposure, and BAT function is also controlled by many endogenous factors, which currently are poorly understood. Pre-clinical studies have provided important insights about BAT regulation, but human studies are also essential to translate novel findings into innovative treatments for improving human health and metabolism. The aim of this thesis was to investigate endogenous factors that regulate human BAT function by using positron emission tomography (PET). This work focused on three endogenous systems, thyroid hormones, the adenosinergic system, and the endocannabinoid system. The results showed that thyroid hormones modulate human BAT function. Patients with hyperthyroidism exhibit increased metabolism of BAT, which can be restored to a normal level after treatment of the condition. This work showed for the first time in humans that adenosine A2A receptors and cannabinoid type 1 receptors regulate the cold-induced activation of BAT. Furthermore, overweight subjects have blunted cold activation of BAT and impaired regulation of the endocannabinoid system. These endogenous mechanisms of BAT regulation provide potential new therapeutic targets for human BAT activation and management of obesity.Ihmisen ruskean rasvan endogeeninen sÀÀtely IhmisellÀ on elimistössÀÀn aineenvaihdunnallisesti aktiivista ruskeaa rasvaa.Toisin kuin energiaa varastoiva valkoinen rasva, ruskea rasva aktivoituu kylmÀssÀ ympÀristössÀ ja kuluttaa energiaa lÀmmön muodossa. Aktiivinen ruskea rasva lisÀÀ perusaineenvaihduntaa ja voi parantaa elimistön sokeri- ja rasva-arvoja. Ruskean rasvan toimintaa voitaisiinkin hyödyntÀÀ lihavuuden ja sen oheissairauksien kuten tyypin 2 diabeteksen ennaltaehkÀisyssÀ ja hoidossa. Kudoksen toiminnan sÀÀtelyyn osallistuvat useat tekijÀt, joita tunnetaan vielÀ huonosti. Koe-elÀimillÀ tehdyt tutkimukset ovat tuottaneet paljon tietoa ruskean rasvan sÀÀtelystÀ, mutta alalla tarvitaan myös tutkimuksia ihmisillÀ, jotta innovatiiviset löydökset voidaan soveltaa ihmisen terveyden ja aineenvaihdunnan parantamiseksi. TÀmÀn vÀitöskirjatyön tavoitteena oli tutkia positroniemissiotomografiaa eli PETkuvantamista kÀyttÀen elimistön endogeenisiÀ eli sisÀisiÀ tekijöitÀ, jotka sÀÀtelevÀt ruskean rasvan toimintaa. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin kolmea endogeenistÀ sÀÀtelytekijÀÀ: kilpirauhashormoneita, adenosiinijÀrjestelmÀÀ ja endokannabinoidijÀrjestelmÀÀ. Tulokset osoittavat ettÀ kilpirauhashormonit sÀÀtelevÀt ruskean rasvan toimintaa. Kudoksen aktiivisuus oli lisÀÀntynyttÀ potilailla, joilla oli diagnosoitu kilpirauhasen liikatoiminta, ja aktiivisuus palautui terveiden verrokkien tasolle liikatoiminnan hoidon jÀlkeen. LisÀksi todettiin ensimmÀistÀ kertaa ihmisillÀ, ettÀ adenosiini A2A-reseptorit sekÀ tyypin 1 kannabinoidireseptorit (CB1-reseptorit) sÀÀtelevÀt ruskean rasvan toimintaa kylmÀaltistuksen aikana. Ruskean rasvan toiminta on heikentynyttÀ ylipainoisilla tutkittavilla ja heillÀ endokannabinoidijÀrjestelmÀn sÀÀtely on hÀiriintynyttÀ. NÀitÀ endogeenisiÀ sÀÀtelymekanismeja voitaisiin hyödyntÀÀ uusien ruskean rasvan toimintaa lisÀÀvien lÀÀkkeiden kehittÀmiseksi ja tulevaisuudessa lihavuuden hoitoon

    Comparison of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Binding in Adolescent and Adult Rats: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [18F]MK-9470

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    Despite the important role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) in brain development, little is known about their status during adolescence, a critical period for both the development of psychosis and for initiation to substance abuse. In the present study, we assessed the ontogeny of CB1R in adolescent and adult rats in vivo using positron emission tomography with [18F]MK-9470. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to control for body weight that would potentially influence [18F]MK-9470 values between the two groups revealed a main effect of age (F(1,109)=5.0, P = 0.02) on [18F]MK-9470 absolute binding (calculated as percentage of injected dose) with adult estimated marginal means being higher compared to adolescents amongst 11 brain regions. This finding was confirmed using in vitro autoradiography with [3H]CP55,940 (F(10,99)=140.1, P < 0.0001). This ontogenetic pattern, suggesting increase of CB1R during the transition from adolescence to adulthood, is the opposite of most other neuroreceptor systems undergoing pruning during this period

    18F-MK-9470 PET imaging of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in prostate carcinoma: a pilot study

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    Imaging glucose metabolism, neuroinflammation, and cannabinoid receptor 1 in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease

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    The pathophysiological cascade leading to Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of destructive ÎČ-amyloid in the brain. Convincing evidence has also shown that cerebral energy hypometabolism and an overproduction of translocator protein during neuroinflammation, as well as deficits in the endocannabinoid system, play major roles in progression of the disease. Monitoring temporal changes inside the diseased brain with noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) would be a unique translational tool, bridging the gap between disease models and patients and aiding in the discovery of disease-modifying therapies against Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the translational feasibility of cerebral glucose metabolism targeting PET tracer 18F-FDG in APPswe-PSIdE9, Tg2576, and APP/PS1-21 mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, this thesis aimed to examine the suitability of neuroinflammation-specific protein targeting tracer 18F-DPA-714 for longitudinal follow-up in aging APP/PS1-21 mice and whether it correlates with changes in glucose metabolism. Furthermore, the translational applicability of 18F-FMPEP-d2 was evaluated as a tool to assist in preclinical research targeting cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in wild-type and APP/PS1-21 mice. Of the tested models, APP/PS1-21 mice demonstrated the most aggressive ÎČ-amyloid pathology. Furthermore, repeated PET scans with 18F-FDG and 18F-DPA-714 detected progressive glucose hypometabolism and neuroinflammation in the APP/PS1-21 model as the mice aged. However in the APPswe-PSIdE9 and Tg2576 mouse models, only a weak or non-altered glucose metabolism was observed. 18F-FMPEP-d2 was able to reveal altered CB1R availability when aging APP/PS1- 21 mice were followed with repeated PET scans. This thesis work demonstrated that Alzheimer’s disease mouse models differ in terms of amyloidosis and cerebral glucose metabolism, which creates challenges when comparing the research results between the models. The feasibility of 18F-FDG small animal PET depends on the chosen disease model and environmental factors. In the APP/PS1-21 model, longitudinal 18FFMPEP- d2 and 18F-DPA-714 PET scans were able to demonstrate pathological features related to AlzheimerÂŽs disease, which were confirmed by ex vivo examinations.Aivojen energia-aineenvaihdunnan, tulehduksen ja tyypin 1 kannabinoidireseptorin kuvantaminen Alzheimerin taudin muuntogeenisissĂ€ hiirimalleissa Alzheimerin taudin keskeisimmĂ€t aivomuutokset ovat sakkautuvien ÎČ-amyloidipeptidien muodostuminen plakeiksi, aivojen heikentynyt energia-aineenvaihdunta, tulehduksen lisÀÀntyminen ja endokannabinoidijĂ€rjestelmĂ€ssĂ€ tapahtuvat muutokset, jotka lopulta johtavat hermosolujen vaurioitumiseen ja tyypillisten kognitiivisten hĂ€iriöiden ilmentymiseen. Aivomuutoksia on mahdollista seurata elĂ€vĂ€ssĂ€ tutkittavassa kajoamattoman positroniemissiotomografia (PET)-kuvantamisen avulla. Muuntogeenisten Alzheimerin taudin elĂ€inmallien PET-kuvantaminen antaa ainutlaatuisen mahdollisuuden selvittÀÀ sairauden monimutkaisia patologisia tapahtumia ja seurata uusien lÀÀkeaineiden vaikutusta ja turvallisuutta. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida aivojen glukoosiaineenvaihduntaa mallintavan 18FFDG-merkkiaineen soveltuvuutta muuntogeenisten APPswe-PSIdE9, Tg2576 ja APP/PS1-21 hiirimallien pienelĂ€inPET-kuvantamiseen. Toisena tavoitteena oli arvioida tulehdusproteiiniin sitoutuvan PET-merkkiaineen, 18F-DPA-714, soveltuvuutta aivoissa etenevĂ€n tulehduksen seuraamiseen muuntogeenisessĂ€ APP/PS1-21 hiirimallissa. Kolmantena tavoitteena oli tutkia tyypin 1 kannabinoidireseptori-PET-merkkiaineen, 18F-FMPEP-d2, soveltuvuutta pienelĂ€inkuvantamiseen villityypin hiirillĂ€ ja Alzheimerin taudin reseptorimuutosten seuraamiseen APP/PS1-21 hiirimallilla. APP/PS1-21 hiirimallin ÎČ-amyloidipatologia eteni muita malleja nopeammin. LisĂ€ksi hiirimallin aivojen glukoosiaineenvaihduntaa mallintavan merkkiaineen kertymĂ€ heikentyi ja tulehdusproteiiniin sitoutuvan merkkiaineen mÀÀrĂ€ kasvoi, kun hiiriĂ€ kuvattiin toistuvasti PETmenetelmĂ€llĂ€. Vastaavasti APPswe-PSIdE9 ja Tg2576 hiirimalleilla havaittiin vain lievÀÀ tai olematonta glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan heikkenemistĂ€. 18F-FMPEP-d2 PET-tutkimukset osoittivat alentunutta merkkiainekertymÀÀ APP/PS1-21 hiirimallissa verrattuna terveisiin elĂ€imiin, ja soveltuvuutta tuleviin pienelĂ€inkuvantamistutkimuksiin. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, ettĂ€ muuntogeeniset elĂ€inmallit eroavat merkittĂ€vĂ€sti toisistaan, mikĂ€ asettaa haasteita tutkimustulosten vertaamiseen mallien kesken. Aivojen 18F-FDG-kertymĂ€ vaihtelee tautimallin ja ympĂ€ristötekijöiden mukaan, mikĂ€ tuo rajoitteita pienelĂ€inkuvantamisen toteuttamiseen. SekĂ€ 18F-DPA-714- ja 18F-FMPEP-d2-merkkiaineet pystyivĂ€t osoittamaan Alzheimerin taudille tyypillisiĂ€ aivomuutoksia APP/PS1-21 hiirissĂ€, mitkĂ€ voitiin varmentaa ex vivo menetelmin hiirten aivoleikkeistĂ€

    The function of the endocannabinoid system and glial cells in vivo in patients with first episode psychosis

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    Psychoses are relatively common and often severely debilitating mental disorders with a multifactorial etiological background involving both psychosocial and biological factors. Previously reported associations between the endocannabinoid and immune systems, and psychotic disorders, suggest that they are involved in the etiology of psychosis. Healthy individuals were studied with the selective type 1 endocannabinoid receptor (CB1R) radiotracer [18F]FMPEP-d2, and positron emission tomography (PET), for possible demographic confounders. Radiotracer synthesis and the compound’s behaviour in blood and brain tissues, were in line with reports from previous validation studies. Females had lower availabilities of CB1R than males in 17 discrete brain regions. Separate samples of male patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) were then studied concurrently in Turku and London, using the CB1R radiotracers [18F]FMPEP-d2 and [11C]MEPPEP respectively. Lower CB1R availability was seen in FEP as compared to healthy controls. The availability of CB1R was also inversely associated with the symptomatology of the psychoses. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression has been postulated to represent glial cell and mitochondrial functions, both of which are influenced by endocannabinoid signalling. Another sample of male and female patients with first episode psychoses was studied using PET with the selective TSPO radiotracer [11C]PBR28. Male and female FEP subjects showed globally lower availability of brain TSPO in comparison to healthy controls. Two concurrent samples of FEP individuals showed persistent elevations of the chemokine CCL22 when compared to population controls. A subgroup of patients with the highest levels of CCL22 also had aberrant levels of other cyto- and chemokines. These results indicate that the immune and brain endocannabinoid systems have become dysregulated in early psychosis. Aberrant glial cell function and/or disturbances in cell metabolism are indicated by the lower availability of TSPO.EndokannabinoidijĂ€rjestelmĂ€n ja gliasolujen toiminta ensipsykooseissa Psykoosit ovat verrattain yleisiĂ€, vakavia mielenterveyshĂ€iriöitĂ€, joiden syntyyn vaikuttaa sekĂ€ psykososiaaliset ettĂ€ biologiset tekijĂ€t. Endokannabinoidi- ja immuunijĂ€rjestelmien yhteydet psykooseihin, sekĂ€ dopamiinijĂ€rjestelmĂ€n toimintaan, viittaavat nĂ€iden jĂ€rjestelmien toimivan osana psykoosien etiologiaa. Terveiden koehenkilöiden aivojen endokannabinoidijĂ€rjestelmĂ€n toimintaa tutkittiin tyypin 1 endokannabinoidireseptorin (CB1R) merkkiaineella [18F]FMPEPd2, ja positroniemissiotomografialla (PET), mahdollisten sekoittavien tekijöiden tunnistamiseksi. Merkkiaineen tuotannon laatua kuvaavat tunnusluvut, sekĂ€ merkkiaineen kĂ€yttĂ€ytyminen veressĂ€ ja aivokudoksessa, vastasivat aiempien validointitutkimusten tuloksia. NaiskoehenkilöillĂ€ oli alhaisemmat [18F]FMPEP-d2:n jakautumistilavuudet 17 aivoalueella verrattuna miehiin. Miespuolisten ensipsykoosipotilaiden aivojen endokannabinoidijĂ€rjestelmĂ€n toimintaa tutkittiin erikseen Turussa ja Lontoossa PET:lla vastaavasti CB1R merkkiaineilla [18F]FMPEP-d2 ja [11C]MEPPEP. Molempien otosten ensipsykoosipotilailla oli alhaisemmat merkkiaineiden jakautumistilavuudet verrattuna terveisiin koehenkilöihin. Merkkiaineen sitoutumiselle vapaat CB1R:t olivat lisĂ€ksi kÀÀnteisesti yhteydessĂ€ psykoosioireiden vaikeusasteeseen. Aivojen tukisolujen ja nĂ€iden mitokondrioiden toimintaan vaikuttavat sekĂ€ endokannabinoidiviestintĂ€, ettĂ€ translokaattoriproteiinin (TSPO) toiminta. Ensipsykoosipotilailla oli kauttaaltaan alhaisemmat TSPO PET merkkiaineen [11C]PBR28 jakautumistilavuudet verrattuna terveisiin verrokkihenkilöihin. Ensipsykoosipotilaiden kemokiini CCL22:n pitoisuudet olivat verrokkien pitoisuuksia korkeammat. Korkeimpia CCL22:n pitoisuuksia omaavien potilaiden immuuniviestintĂ€ poikkesi muista verrokki- ja potilastutkittavista laaja-alaisesti. NĂ€mĂ€ tulokset osoittavat, ettĂ€ immuuni- ja endokannabinoidijĂ€rjestelmĂ€t toimivat poikkeavasti ensipsykooseissa. TSPO:n poikkeava toiminta viittaa siihen, ettĂ€ aivojen tukisolut ja/tai solujen aineenvaihdunta hĂ€iriintyvĂ€t psykooseissa
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