Assessment of pulmonary edema: principles and practice

Pulmonary edema increasingly is recognized as a perioperative complication affecting outcome. Several risk factors have been identified, including those of cardiogenic origin, such as heart failure or excessive fluid administration, and those related to increased pulmonary capillary permeability secondary to inflammatory mediators. Effective treatment requires prompt diagnosis and early intervention. Consequently, over the past 2 centuries a concentrated effort to develop clinical tools to rapidly diagnose pulmonary edema and track response to treatment has occurred. The ideal properties of such a tool would include high sensitivity and specificity, easy availability, and the ability to diagnose early accumulation of lung water before the development of the full clinical presentation. In addition, clinicians highly value the ability to precisely quantify extravascular lung water accumulation and differentiate hydrostatic from high permeability etiologies of pulmonary edema. In this review, advances in understanding the physiology of extravascular lung water accumulation in health and in disease and the various mechanisms that protect against the development of pulmonary edema under physiologic conditions are discussed. In addition, the various bedside modalities available to diagnose early accumulation of extravascular lung water and pulmonary edema, including chest auscultation, chest roentgenography, lung ultrasonography, and transpulmonary thermodilution, are examined. Furthermore, advantages and limitations of these methods for the operating room and intensive care unit that are critical for proper modality selection in each individual case are explored

Design and development of electronic stethoscope for auscultation

Background: Currently, several companies offer Bluetooth-based electronic stethoscopes. However, the stethoscopes are pretty overpriced. In this case, we need a stethoscope innovation with a more affordable price that carries the same function and improves ear sensitivity during auscultation of heart and lung sounds.Technic: This stethoscope is equipped with a condenser mic that functions as a sound catcher on the stethoscope membrane. The analog data of the condenser mic is regulated by the potential of the pre-amp mic amplifier; then, analog data is forwarded using Bluetooth 5.0 A2DP BT600 USB Wireless Audio Transmitter and received by Bluetooth receiver using earphones.Conclusion: A electronic stethoscope has been successfully developed, which can function adequately to detect, increase heart, lung, bowel sounds, and prenatal sounds

Strengthening of prism beam by using NSM technique with roots planted in concrete

This paper presents experimental results of four prismatic concrete reinforced beam and strengthened by NSM (Near surface mounted) FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) reinforced technique, with additional roots planted in the concrete. The strengthening technique causes load capacity of beams to increase from (6%-8%).A decrease in mid-span deflection was also observed from (4%-5%).Using this technique gave increasing in flexural beam resistant under the same conditions and this increasing was also noted in shear beam resistant

Screening Diagnostic System for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Preventive screening examinations of the population are one of the most effective ways to prevent COPD today. In this paper the problem of technical support of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis is described. Transmit channel data and testing of technical capabilities of NRF24L01-module for implementation in screening diagnostic system are analyzed. The present measurements agree with the following IEEE basic standards: IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.15g

Fundamentals of Lung Auscultation

Chest auscultation has long been considered a useful part of the physical examination, going back to the time of Hippocrates. However, it did not become a widespread practice until the invention of the stethoscope by René Laënnec in 1816, which made the practice convenient and hygienic.1 During the second half of the 20th century, technological advances in ultrasonography, radiographic computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging shifted interest from lung auscultation to imaging studies, which can detect lung disease with an accuracy never previously imagined. However, modern computer-assisted techniques have also allowed precise recording and analysis of lung sounds, prompting the correlation of acoustic indexes with measures of lung mechanics. This innovative, though still little used, approach has improved our knowledge of acoustic mechanisms and increased the clinical usefulness of auscultation. In this review, we present an overview of lung auscultation in the light of modern concepts of lung acoustics