Policy representation and reasoning with preferences and reactivity

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Working Notes from the 1992 AAAI Spring Symposium on Practical Approaches to Scheduling and Planning

The symposium presented issues involved in the development of scheduling systems that can deal with resource and time limitations. To qualify, a system must be implemented and tested to some degree on non-trivial problems (ideally, on real-world problems). However, a system need not be fully deployed to qualify. Systems that schedule actions in terms of metric time constraints typically represent and reason about an external numeric clock or calendar and can be contrasted with those systems that represent time purely symbolically. The following topics are discussed: integrating planning and scheduling; integrating symbolic goals and numerical utilities; managing uncertainty; incremental rescheduling; managing limited computation time; anytime scheduling and planning algorithms, systems; dependency analysis and schedule reuse; management of schedule and plan execution; and incorporation of discrete event techniques

Active Inference and Behavior Trees for Reactive Action Planning and Execution in Robotics

We propose a hybrid combination of active inference and behavior trees (BTs) for reactive action planning and execution in dynamic environments, showing how robotic tasks can be formulated as a free-energy minimization problem. The proposed approach allows to handle partially observable initial states and improves the robustness of classical BTs against unexpected contingencies while at the same time reducing the number of nodes in a tree. In this work, the general nominal behavior is specified offline through BTs, where a new type of leaf node, the prior node, is introduced to specify the desired state to be achieved rather than an action to be executed as typically done in BTs. The decision of which action to execute to reach the desired state is performed online through active inference. This results in the combination of continual online planning and hierarchical deliberation, that is an agent is able to follow a predefined offline plan while still being able to locally adapt and take autonomous decisions at runtime. The properties of our algorithm, such as convergence and robustness, are thoroughly analyzed, and the theoretical results are validated in two different mobile manipulators performing similar tasks, both in a simulated and real retail environment

AN IMPROBABLE APHRODISIACINTHE CRISIS OF SEXUALITY:WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?

Given the rising wave of violentacts across the world, this paper is designed to investigate the improbable but emerging trend which seems to suggest that violent behavior now appears to be an incentive when dating and even marriage decisions are made. The investigation is carried out with a pool of data made up of multiple variants. After displaying the data in a textbox, subjective valuing was usedto attribute certain phenomena to segments of the data. After affirming that females consider violent traits in males as incentives in their male-partner preferences, data representation failed to establish a decisive link between fierce delinquent acts and sexual frustration

AN IMPROBABLE APHRODISIACINTHE CRISIS OF SEXUALITY:WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?

Given the rising wave of violentacts across the world, this paper is designed to investigate the improbable but emerging trend which seems to suggest that violent behavior now appears to be an incentive when dating and even marriage decisions are made. The investigation is carried out with a pool of data made up of multiple variants. After displaying the data in a textbox, subjective valuing was usedto attribute certain phenomena to segments of the data. After affirming that females consider violent traits in males as incentives in their male-partner preferences, data representation failed to establish a decisive link between fierce delinquent acts and sexual frustration

Mean voting rule and strategical behavior: an experiment

This paper considers the problem of voting about the quantity of a public good. An experiment has been run in order to test the extent of the strategic bias that arises in the individual vote when the social choice rule is to select the mean of the quantities voted for; conflicting theoretical predictions are available in the literature on this purpose. The political implications of the mean rule and its e.ects upon e.ciency are also discussed. The role of voters' information is considered. A comparison is made with the working of the median rule.