20,657 research outputs found
Local geometry of random geodesics on negatively curved surfaces
It is shown that the tessellation of a compact, negatively curved surface
induced by a typical long geodesic segment, when properly scaled, looks locally
like a Poisson line process. This implies that the global statistics of the
tessellation -- for instance, the fraction of triangles -- approach those of
the limiting Poisson line process.Comment: This version extends the results of the previous version to surfaces
with possibly variable negative curvatur
Rates of convergence for extremes of geometric random variables and marked point processes
We use the Stein-Chen method to study the extremal behaviour of the problem
of extremes for univariate and bivariate geometric laws. We obtain a rate for
the convergence to the Gumbel distribution of the law of the maximum of i. i.
d. geometric random variables, and show that convergence is faster when
approximating by a discretised Gumbel. We similarly find a rate of convergence
for the law of maxima of bivariate Marshall-Olkin geometric random pairs when
approximating by a discrete limit law. We introduce marked point processes of
exceedances (MPPEs), both with univariate and bivariate Marshall-Olkin
geometric variables as marks and we determine bounds on the error of the
approximation, in an appropriate probability metric, of the law of the MPPE by
that of a Poisson process with same mean measure. We then approximate by
another Poisson process with an easier-to-use mean measure and estimate the
error of this additional approximation. This work contains and extends results
contained in the second author's PhD thesis (available at arXiv:1310.2564)
under the supervision of Andrew D. Barbour.Comment: 33 pages, 4 figures. Improvements in the bounds of Thm. 4.9 and in
the presentation. Minor typos correcte
Non-Stationary Random Process for Large-Scale Failure and Recovery of Power Distributions
A key objective of the smart grid is to improve reliability of utility
services to end users. This requires strengthening resilience of distribution
networks that lie at the edge of the grid. However, distribution networks are
exposed to external disturbances such as hurricanes and snow storms where
electricity service to customers is disrupted repeatedly. External disturbances
cause large-scale power failures that are neither well-understood, nor
formulated rigorously, nor studied systematically. This work studies resilience
of power distribution networks to large-scale disturbances in three aspects.
First, a non-stationary random process is derived to characterize an entire
life cycle of large-scale failure and recovery. Second, resilience is defined
based on the non-stationary random process. Close form analytical expressions
are derived under specific large-scale failure scenarios. Third, the
non-stationary model and the resilience metric are applied to a real life
example of large-scale disruptions due to Hurricane Ike. Real data on
large-scale failures from an operational network is used to learn time-varying
model parameters and resilience metrics.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, submitted to IEEE Sig. Pro
The Random Walk of High Frequency Trading
This paper builds a model of high-frequency equity returns by separately
modeling the dynamics of trade-time returns and trade arrivals. Our main
contributions are threefold. First, we characterize the distributional behavior
of high-frequency asset returns both in ordinary clock time and in trade time.
We show that when controlling for pre-scheduled market news events, trade-time
returns of the highly liquid near-month E-mini S&P 500 futures contract are
well characterized by a Gaussian distribution at very fine time scales. Second,
we develop a structured and parsimonious model of clock-time returns by
subordinating a trade-time Gaussian distribution with a trade arrival process
that is associated with a modified Markov-Switching Multifractal Duration
(MSMD) model. This model provides an excellent characterization of
high-frequency inter-trade durations. Over-dispersion in this distribution of
inter-trade durations leads to leptokurtosis and volatility clustering in
clock-time returns, even when trade-time returns are Gaussian. Finally, we use
our model to extrapolate the empirical relationship between trade rate and
volatility in an effort to understand conditions of market failure. Our model
suggests that the 1,200 km physical separation of financial markets in Chicago
and New York/New Jersey provides a natural ceiling on systemic volatility and
may contribute to market stability during periods of extremely heavy trading
From Fault Tree to Credit Risk Assessment: A Case Study
Reliability has been largely applied to industrial systems in order to study the various possibilities of systems’ failure. The goal is to establish the chain of events leading to any system’s failure, namely the top event. Looking for the minimal paths leading to any system’s fault allows for a better control of systems’ safety. To this end, reliability is composed of a static approach (see Ngom et al. [1999] for example) as well as a dynamic approach (see Reory & Andrews [2003] for example). In this paper, we extend the framework stated by Gatfaoui (2003) allowing for the application of fault tree theory to credit risk assessment. The author explains that fault tree is one alternative approach of reliability, which matches default risk analysis in a simple framework. Our extension includes other distributions of probability to model the lifetimes of French firms while studying the related empirical default probabilities. We use mainly, but not exclusively, continuous distributions for which the exponential law used by Gatfaoui (2003) constitutes a particular case. Our results exhibit both the exponential nature of French .rms. lifetimes as well as strong convex and fast decreasing time varying failure rates. Such a feature has some non- negligible impact insofar as it characterizes corresponding credit spreads’ Term structure.credit risk, default probability, failure rate, fault tree, reliability, survival probability
From Fault Tree to Credit Risk Assessment: A Case Study
Reliability has been largely applied to industrial systems in order to study the various possibilities of systems’ failure. The goal is to establish the chain of events leading to any system’s failure, namely the top event. Looking for the minimal paths leading to any system’s fault allows for a better control of systems’ safety. To this end, reliability is composed of a static approach as well as a dynamic approach. In this paper, we extend the canonical framework allowing for the application of fault tree theory to credit risk assessment. The author explains that fault tree is one alternative approach of reliability, which matches default risk analysis in a simple framework. Our extension includes other distributions of probability to model the lifetimes of French firms while studying the related empirical default probabilities. We use mainly, but not exclusively, continuous distributions. Our results exhibit both the exponential nature of French .rms. lifetimes as well as strong convex and fast decreasing time varying failure rates. Such a feature has some non-negligible impact insofar as it characterizes corresponding credit spreads’ Term structure.Credit risk, default probability, failure rate, fault tree, reliability, survival
Analysis of time-to-event for observational studies: Guidance to the use of intensity models
This paper provides guidance for researchers with some mathematical
background on the conduct of time-to-event analysis in observational studies
based on intensity (hazard) models. Discussions of basic concepts like time
axis, event definition and censoring are given. Hazard models are introduced,
with special emphasis on the Cox proportional hazards regression model. We
provide check lists that may be useful both when fitting the model and
assessing its goodness of fit and when interpreting the results. Special
attention is paid to how to avoid problems with immortal time bias by
introducing time-dependent covariates. We discuss prediction based on hazard
models and difficulties when attempting to draw proper causal conclusions from
such models. Finally, we present a series of examples where the methods and
check lists are exemplified. Computational details and implementation using the
freely available R software are documented in Supplementary Material. The paper
was prepared as part of the STRATOS initiative.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures. For associated Supplementary material, see
http://publicifsv.sund.ku.dk/~pka/STRATOSTG8
Directed force chain networks and stress response in static granular materials
A theory of stress fields in two-dimensional granular materials based on
directed force chain networks is presented. A general equation for the
densities of force chains in different directions is proposed and a complete
solution is obtained for a special case in which chains lie along a discrete
set of directions. The analysis and results demonstrate the necessity of
including nonlinear terms in the equation. A line of nontrivial fixed point
solutions is shown to govern the properties of large systems. In the vicinity
of a generic fixed point, the response to a localized load shows a crossover
from a single, centered peak at intermediate depths to two propagating peaks at
large depths that broaden diffusively.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures. Minor corrections to one figur
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