스위트 바질 재배를 위한 가정용 퍼지 제어 수경재배 시스템 개발

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 바이오시스템·소재학부(바이오시스템공학), 2021. 2. 조성인.토양에서 대기까지의 범위가 넓어지면서 환경 오염이 심화됨에 따라 실내 농업에 대한 수요가 증가하고 관련 연구도 증가하고 있다. 실외 기후 조건에 영향을 받지 않는 안정적인 실내 재배 시스템과 공간을 최대로 활용하는 효율적인 시스템에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 가속화되고 있다. 대부분의 연구는 산업 농업 또는 대규모 생산에 중점을 두는 경향이 있으나 가정을 위한 소규모 재배도 많이 개발되어야 한다. 이 연구는 Raspberry pi 4 및 python을 사용하여 퍼지 논리에 의해 자동으로 제어되는 가정용 수경 재배 시스템을 만들기 위해 설계되었다. 애매한 상황을 해결하고 챔버 내부의 환경 제어를 개선하기 위해 퍼지 로직 제어 (FLC)를 채택했다. FLC의 경우 3 개의 입력 변수와 7 개의 출력 변수가 사용되었다. 입력 변수는 온도, 습도 및 성장 단계 (기간)이고 출력 변수는 팬, 미스트, 히터 1, 히터 2, 그리고 3 개 (적색, 녹색, 청색) LED이며, 6 개의 FLC 퍼지 규칙이 적용되었다. 이 FLC는 각 성장 단계마다 다른 휘발성 화합물과 식물의 맛을 유발하는 다양한 광질과 밀도가 필요하여 세 가지 조명이 각각 세 단계의 재배 기간 동안 작동되도록 설계되었다. 그 결과 제어 시스템 내부 온도는 외부 온도 19.8 ℃에 비해 21 ~ 26 ℃ (평균 21.24 ℃)로 유지되었으며, 내부 습도의 평균값은 외부 습도 16.57 %에 비해 75.58 %로 유지되어 시스템을 통해 바질 재배에 적합한 환경이 조성되었다는 것이 확인되었다. 그러나, 습도가 60 ~ 65 % 수준으로 낮게 유지되면 더욱 적합한 환경이 조성되므로 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 Pearson의 상관 계수를 사용하여 규칙과 멤버십 함수를 분석했다. 팬과 히터, 습도, 미스트와의 상관 관계가 예상보다 낮았기 때문에 문제의 주요 원인은 팬과 관련된 것으로 추정된다. 게다가, 시뮬레이션과 실제 작동 사이의 비교가 수행되었으며 히터의 실제 작동이 시뮬레이션의 영역을 벗어나 부적절하게 이루어졌다는 것을 발견했다. 마지막으로, 광질은 지속 시간에 따른 세 가지 빛 파장 영역 (발아 및 잎의 성장을 위한 청색광, 개화를 위한 적색광, 잎의 캐노피를 통한 생육 저하를 방지하는 녹색광)을 기반으로 FLC에 의해 잘 제어되었다. 추후 RGB 카메라를 사용하는 머신 비전으로 성장 단계를 추정하면 조명 제어가 더 정확해질 것으로 기대된다.As environmental pollution gets more severe demands for indoor farming have been rising with a subsequent increase in studies related to it. Research on stable indoor cultivation systems that cannot be affected by outdoor climate conditions and efficient systems that can maximize production under space constraints is advancing rapidly. However, most studies focus on industrial farming or large-scale production. Small-scale cultivation for households requires equal attention. This study aimed to design household hydroponic systems automatically controlled by fuzzy logic with Raspberry Pi 4 and using the Python programming language. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) was adopted to resolve ambiguity and improve the environmental control of the inside chamber. For the FLC, three input and seven output variables were used. The input variables were temperature, humidity, and growth stage (duration) and the output variables were fan, mist, two heaters (heater1 and heater2), and three RGB LEDs. Six FLC rules were with these variables. The FLC ensured that the three lights operate for three different cultivating periods. Each growth stage required different light quality and density inducing different volatile compounds and flavors of plants. The results showed that inner temperature of the control uses airflow to maintain the temperature at approximately 21 – 26 ℃ (average of 21.24 ℃) compared to the outer temperature of 19.8 ℃. Furthermore, the mean value of inner humidity is 75.58 %, the outer humidity was 16.57 %. However, the controlled humidity should have been maintained at an approximately lower temperature of the level of 60 - 65 %. To address this problem, the rules and membership functions were analyzed by Pearsons correlation coefficients. Because fans correlations with heaters, humidity and mist were lower than expected, it was assumed that the fan made a significant contribution to the problem. Besides, comparison between simulation and actual operation were carried out and it was noticed that heaters actual work was done inappropriately breaking the boundary of simulation. Finally, light quality was controlled by the FLC based on three light regimes upon days of duration; blue light for germination, red light for vegetative growth and green light for flowering stage. The light control will be more accurate if the growth stage is estimated by machine vision with an RGB camera.Abstract ⅲ Table of Contents ⅴ List of Tables ⅷ List of Figures ⅸ Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Review of Literature 4 1.2.1. Urban farming and Urban agriculture 4 1.2.2. Household appliances in agriculture 7 1.2.3. Lighting for cultivation 9 1.2.4. Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) 13 1.2.5. Growth stages of Plants 15 1.2.6. Fuzzy Logic Control Systems in Agriculture 18 1.3. Research Purpose and Significance 20 1.3.1. Research Objectives 20 1.3.2. Significance 21 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 22 2.1. Preliminary Performance Test of Conventional Control System 22 2.1.1. Purpose of Preliminary Test 22 2.1.2. Hardware Design 23 2.1.2.1. Wall-mount and standing type (two ways) 23 2.1.2.2. Modular type 25 2.1.3. Hardware Operating Test With Arduino 26 2.1.3.1. Materials 26 2.1.3.2. Overall system 28 2.1.4. Fuzzy Logic Simulation With MATLAB and Arduino 29 2.2. Experimental Hardware Setup and Configuration 32 2.2.1. Materials 32 2.2.2. Overall Circuit and System Setup 36 2.2.3. Fuzzy Logic Control System 39 Chapter 3. Results and Discussion 48 3.1. Preliminary Test Results 48 3.1.1. Hardware Work 48 3.1.2. Software Work 49 3.1.3. Limitations 50 3.2. Experiment Results 51 3.2.1. Simulation 51 3.2.1.1. Rule View 51 3.2.1.2. Surface View 54 3.2.2 Hardware operations 55 3.2.2.1. Fan 55 3.2.2.2. Mist 55 3.2.2.3. Heaters 56 3.2.2.4. LED 57 3.2.3. Results of Integrated system 58 3.2.3.1. Unprocessed data of temperature and humidity 58 3.2.3.2. Outliers removement 61 3.2.3.2.1. Statistics 61 3.2.3.2.2. Data Visualization 63 3.2.3.3. LED Changes 66 3.2.4. Correlation between Input and Output variables 70 3.2.4.1. Group1 (Temperature, Humidity) 69 3.2.4.2. Comparison between results of simulation and actual operation 75 Chapter 4. Conclusions 80 Bibliography 84 Abstract in Korean 88Maste

Towards automated phenotyping in plant tissue culture

Plant in vitro culture techniques comprise important fundamental methods of modern plant research, propagation and breeding. Innovative scientific approaches to further develop the cultivation process, therefore, have the potential of far-reaching impact on many different areas. In particular, automation can increase efficiency of in vitro propagation, a domain currently con-strained by intensive manual labor. Automated phenotyping of plant in vitro culture bears the potential to extend the evaluation of in vitro plants from manual destructive endpoint measurements to continuous and objective digital quantification of plant traits. Consequently, this can lead to a better understanding of crucial developmental processes and will help to clarify the emergence of physiological disorders of plant in vitro cultures. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate and exemplify the potential of optical sensing methods and machine learning in plant in vitro culture from an interdisciplinary point of view. A novel robotic phenotyping system for automated, non-destructive, multi-dimensional in situ detection of plant traits based on low-cost sensor technology was con-ceptualized, developed and tested. Various sensor technologies, including an RGB camera, a laser distance sensor, a micro spectrometer, and a thermal camera, were applied partly for the first time under these challenging conditions and evaluated with respect to the resulting data quality and feasibility. In addition to the development of new dynamic, semi-automated data processing pipelines, the automatic acquisition of multisensory data across an entire subculture passage of plant in vitro cultures was demonstrated. This allowed novel time series images of different developmental processes of plant in vitro cultures and the emergence of physiological disorders to be captured in situ for the first time. The digital determination of relevant parameters such as projected plant area, average canopy height, and maximum plant height, was demonstrated, which can be used as critical descriptors of plant growth performance in vitro. In addition, a novel method of non-destructive quantification of media volume by depth data was developed which may allow monitoring of water uptake by plants and evaporation from the culture medium. The phenotyping system was used to investigate the etiology of the physiological growth anomaly hyperhydricity. Therefore, digital monitoring of the morphology and along with spectro-scopic studies of reflectance behavior over time were conducted. The new optical characteristics identified by classical spectral analysis, such as reduced reflectance and major absorption peaks of hyperhydricity in the SWIR region could be validated to be the main discriminating features by a trained support vector machine with a balanced accuracy of 84% on test set, demonstrating the feasibility of a spectral detection of hyperhydricity. In addition, an RGB image dataset was used for automated detection of hyperhydricity using deep neural networks. The high-performance metrics with precision of 83.8% and recall of 95.7% on test images underscore the presence of for detection sufficient number of discriminating features within the spatial RGB data, thus a second approach is proposed for automatic detection of hyperhydricity based on RGB images. The resulting multimodal sensor data sets of the robotic phenotyping system were tested as a supporting tool of an e-learning module in higher education to increase the digital skills in the field of sensing, data processing and data analysis, and evaluated by means of a student survey. This proof-of-concept study revealed an overall high level of acceptance and advocacy by students with 70% good to very good rating. However, with increased complexity of the learning task, stu-dents experienced excessive demands and rated the respective session lower. In summary, this study is expected to pave the way for increased use of automated sensor-based phenotyping in conjunction with machine learning in plant research and commercial mi-cropropagation in the future.Die pflanzliche In-vitro-Kultur umfasst wichtige grundlegende Methoden der modernen Pflanzenforschung, -vermehrung und -züchtung. Innovative wissenschaftliche Ansätze zur Wei-terentwicklung des Kultivierungsprozess können daher weitreichenden Einfluss auf viele unter-schiedliche Bereiche haben. Insbesondere die Automatisierung kann die Effizienz der In-vitro-Vermehrung steigern, die derzeit durch die intensive manuelle Arbeit beschränkt wird. Automa-tisierte Phänotypisierung von In-vitro-Kulturen ermöglicht es, die Erfassung von manuellen de-struktiven Endpunktmessungen auf eine kontinuierliche, objektive und digitale Quantifizierung der Pflanzenmerkmale auszuweiten. Dies kann zu einem besseren Verständnis entscheidender Entwicklungsprozesse führen und die Entstehung physiologischer Störungen zu klären. Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das Potential optischer Erfassungsmethoden und des maschinellen Lernens für die pflanzliche In-vitro-Kultur unter interdisziplinären Gesichtspunk-ten zu untersuchen und exemplarisch aufzuzeigen. Ein neuartiger Phänotypisierungsroboter zur automatisierten, zerstörungsfreien, mehrdimensionalen In-situ-Erfassung von Pflanzenmerkmalen wurde auf Basis kostengünstiger Sensortechnik entwickelt. Unterschiedliche Sensortechnologien, darunter eine RGB-Kamera, ein Laser-Distanzsensor, ein Mikrospektrometer und eine Wärmebildkamera, wurden teils zum ersten Mal unter diesen schwierigen Bedingungen eingesetzt und im Hinblick auf die resultierende Datenqualität und Realisierbarkeit bewertet. Neben der Entwicklung dynamischer, halbautomatischer Datenverarbeitungspipelines, wurde die automatische Erfassung multisensorischer Daten über eine gesamte Subkulturpassage der In-vitro-Kulturen demonstriert. Dadurch konnte erstmals Zeitrafferaufnahmen verschiedener Ent-wicklungsprozesse von pflanzlichen In-vitro-Kulturen und das Auftreten von physiologischen Störungen in situ erfasst werden. Die digitale Bestimmung relevanter Kenngrößen wie der proji-zierten Pflanzenfläche, der durchschnittlichen Bestandshöhe und der maximalen Pflanzenhöhe wurde demonstriert, die als wichtige Deskriptoren für das pflanzliche Wachstum dienen können. Darüber hinaus konnte eine neue Methode für die Pflanzenwissenschaften entwickelt werden, um die Wasseraufnahme von Pflanzen und die Verdunstung von Kulturmedien auf der Grundlage einer zerstörungsfreien Quantifizierung des Medienvolumens zu überwachen. Der Phänotypisierungsroboter wurde zur Untersuchung der Entstehung der Wachs-tumsanomalie Hyperhydrizität eingesetzt. Hierfür wurden ein digitales Monitoring der Morpho-logie der Explantate mit begleitenden spektroskopischen Untersuchungen des Reflexionsverhal-tens im Zeitverlauf durchgeführt. Die durch Spektralanalyse identifizierten optischen Merkmale, wie den reduzierter Reflexionsgrad und die Hauptabsorptionspeaks der Hyperhydrizität in der SWIR-Region, konnten als die wichtigsten Unterscheidungsmerkmale durch ein Support-Vektor-Maschine-Model mit einer Genauigkeit von 84% auf dem Testsatz validiert werden und damit Machbarkeit der spektrale Identifizierung von Hyperhydrizität aufzeigen. Darüber wurde für die automatische Detektion der Hyperhydrizität auf Basis von RGB-Bildern ein neuronales Netz trainiert. Die hohen Kennzahlen im Testdatensatz wie die Präzision von 83,8 % und einem Recall von 95,7 % unterstreichen das Vorhandensein einer für die Erkennung ausreichenden Anzahl von Unterscheidungsmerkmalen innerhalb der räumlichen RGB-Daten. Somit konnte ein zweiter An-satz der automatischen Detektion von Hyperhydrizität durch RGB-Bilder präsentiert werden. Die resultierenden Sensordatensätze des Phänotypisierungsroboters wurden als unter-stützendes Werkzeug eines E-Learning Moduls zur Steigerung digitaler Kompetenzen im Bereich Sensortechnik, Datenverarbeitung und -auswertung in der Hochschulausbildung erprobt und an-hand der Befragung von Studierenden evaluiert. Diese Machbarkeitsstudie ergab eine insgesamt hohe Akzeptanz durch die Studierenden mit 70% guten bis sehr guten Bewertungen. Mit zuneh-mender Komplexität der Lernaufgabe fühlten sich die Studierenden jedoch überfordert und bewerteten die jeweilige Session schlechter. Zusammenfassend zielt diese Arbeit darauf ab den Weg für einen verstärkten Einsatz der automatisierten, sensorbasierten Phänotypisierung in Kombination mit den Techniken des ma-schinellen Lernens der Forschung und der kommerziellen Mikrovermehrung zukünftig zu ebnen.Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL)/Digitale Experimentierfelder/28DE103F18/E

14th CIRIAF National Congress – Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development

CIRIAF (Inter-University Research Center on Pollution and Environment “Mauro Felli” is a research center, based at the University of Perugia, which promotes interdisciplinary research activities in the fields of environmental pollution and its health and socio-economic effects, sustainable development, renewable and alternative energy, energy planning, and sustainable mobility. One hundred professors from fourteen different Italian universities are involved in the activities of the center. The CIRIAF National Congress (e.g., the fourteenth one in 2014), has become, over time, an important event for researchers and experts (engineers, physicists, chemists, architects, doctors, and economists). These individuals are not simply academics; they also hail from ministries, environmental agencies, and local authorities. The annual meeting in Perugia is an opportunity to discuss the issues related to energy, environment and sustainable development. After some editions were devoted to panel discussions and workshops, the 14th Congress, which took place in Perugia from 4-5 April 2014, returned to the formula of parallel technical sessions. The Congress was quite successful. Seventy-nine papers were presented during the Congress; these were divided into the following eight Sessions, in line with the congress tradition. The session topics are of great contemporary interest: Built Environment Quality and Indoor Pollution Energy and Environmental Certification of Buildings Artworks Preservation and Museum Plants Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Systems Pollution from Physical Agents (noise, vibrations, electromagnetic fields) Air and Water Pollution Sustainable Mobility Energy Planning and Environmental Impact As usual, the ceremony of the “Mauro Felli” award took place during the Congress. The award, established to honor the memory of the founder and first Director of CIRIAF, is intended for young graduates, Ph.D. students or researchers who have carried out research activities in the fields concerning pollution originating from physical agents, the effects of environmental pollution on humans or related issues. Thanks to an agreement with the international publishing house MDPI, I am happy to introduce to you a special issue of SUSTAINABILITY, which contains the best papers presented at the Congress. The Special Issue will include the best papers presented at the Congress. These were selected by the Scientific Committee with the help of the various Chairmen of the Sessions. The papers cover all the various aspects of sustainability, from an interdisciplinary point of view, with a strong emphasis on the link between energy production, use and conservation, and environmental impact

Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Both New and Rehabilitated

Buildings are one of the main causes of the emission of greenhouse gases in the world. Europe alone is responsible for more than 30% of emissions, or about 900 million tons of CO2 per year. Heating and air conditioning are the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. Most buildings currently in use were built with poor energy efficiency criteria or, depending on the country and the date of construction, none at all. Therefore, regardless of whether construction regulations are becoming stricter, the real challenge nowadays is the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings. It is currently a priority to reduce (or, ideally, eliminate) the waste of energy in buildings and, at the same time, supply the necessary energy through renewable sources. The first can be achieved by improving the architectural design, construction methods, and materials used, as well as the efficiency of the facilities and systems; the second can be achieved through the integration of renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) in buildings. In any case, regardless of whether the energy used is renewable or not, the efficiency must always be taken into account. The most profitable and clean energy is that which is not consumed

Procceedings / 4th International Symposium of Industrial Engineering - SIE 2009, December 10-11, 2009., Belgrade

editors Dragan D. Milanović, Vesna Spasojević-Brkić, Mirjana Misit

Procceedings / 4th International Symposium of Industrial Engineering - SIE 2009, December 10-11, 2009., Belgrade

editors Dragan D. Milanović, Vesna Spasojević-Brkić, Mirjana Misit

Rethinking Sustainability Towards a Regenerative Economy

This open access book is based on work from the COST Action “RESTORE - REthinking Sustainability TOwards a Regenerative Economy'', and highlights how sustainability in buildings, facilities and urban governance is crucial for a future that is socially just, ecologically restorative, and economically viable, for Europe and the whole planet. In light of the search for fair solutions to the climate crisis, the authors outline the urgency for the built environment sector to implement adaptation and mitigation strategies, as well as a just transition. As shown in the chapters, this can be done by applying a broader framework that enriches places, people, ecology, culture, and climate, at the core of the design task - with a particular emphasis on the benefits towards health and resilient business practices. This book is one step on the way to a paradigm shift towards restorative sustainability for new and existing buildings. The authors want to promote forward thinking and multidisciplinary knowledge, leading to solutions that celebrate the richness of design creativity. In this vision, cities of the future will enhance users’ experience, health and wellbeing inside and outside of buildings, while reconciling anthropic ecosystems and nature. A valuable resource for scientists and students in environmental sciences and architecture, as well as policy makers, practitioners and investors in urban and regional development

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency is finally a common sense term. Nowadays almost everyone knows that using energy more efficiently saves money, reduces the emissions of greenhouse gasses and lowers dependence on imported fossil fuels. We are living in a fossil age at the peak of its strength. Competition for securing resources for fuelling economic development is increasing, price of fuels will increase while availability of would gradually decline. Small nations will be first to suffer if caught unprepared in the midst of the struggle for resources among the large players. Here it is where energy efficiency has a potential to lead toward the natural next step - transition away from imported fossil fuels! Someone said that the only thing more harmful then fossil fuel is fossilized thinking. It is our sincere hope that some of chapters in this book will influence you to take a fresh look at the transition to low carbon economy and the role that energy efficiency can play in that process