Eastern Illinois University Undergraduate Catalog 2001 - 2002

This Catalog lists available courses for the 2001-2002 term.https://thekeep.eiu.edu/eiu_catalogs/1019/thumbnail.jp

The role of putative brain serotonergic and dopaminergic modulators in central fatigue during exercise in health and disease

The primary purpose of the present experiments was to elucidate the role of putative brain serotonergic and dopaminergic modulators and indices (markers) in 'central fatigue' during exercise in health and disease, with a concurrent examination of metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses. In experiments (EXPs) 1 and 2, the subjects underwent three main exercise trials. The first, following a pre-exercise high CHO meal (Control trial) and the remaining two after a pre-exercise high fat meal with (FC trial) and without (F trial) caffeine. The use of fat meals was employed to elevate circulating plasma free fatty acids (FFA) levels in an attempt to produce i) a similar muscle metabolic adjustment, and, ii) a parallel displacement of plasma Trp from albumin by plasma FFA and therefore similar brain serotonin (5-HT) manipulation in both F and FC trials. Differences on brain 5-HT and dopamine (DA) modulators and indices, exercise performance and perceptual (RPE), metabolic and cardiovascular responses could be examined by ingestion of caffeine. Thus, caffeine would differentiate between peripheral and central aspects affecting exercise fatigue and therefore the mechanism(s) associated with central fatigue could be evaluated. Modulators and indices of brain 5-HT and DA functions (i.e. plasma free and total tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), large neutral amino acids (LNAA), Trp:LNAA ratio, free-[Trp];[Tyr] ratio, Trp:Tyr ratio, and prolactin) and exercise performance were not different between the trials but RPE was reduced and metabolic/cardiovascular responses increased during exercise with caffeine. The aim of EXP 3 was to examine the effects of a creatine (Cr) supplementation on putative modulators and indices of brain 5-HT and DA function and on thermal stress during prolonged exercise in the heat. The Cr was used as a 'vehicle' to increase hydration and/or reduce thermal stress-induced increase in brain 5-HT function. Cr reduced thermoregulatory (e.g. sweat rate, rectal temperature and heart rate) and perceptual responses, plasma free-[Trp] (P = 0.001) and free-[Trp]:[Tyr] ratio (P = 0.001) and enhanced endurance performance in subjects classified as 'responders' to Cr. The aim of the fourth EXP was to elucidate the role of putative modulators (Trp, LNAA, Tyr) of central fatigue in CFS, to evaluate the association between these modulators with perceptual and metabolic responses in CFS patients and to compare their results to those of matched sedentary controls. Taken together, the results across studies imply that putative modulators of brain serotonergic and dopaminergic systems (and therefore brain 5-HT and DA function) play a key role in pre exercise central motivation and also in central fatigue process of well-trained humans during exercise in the heat (EXP 3) and in the exacerbated RPE, exercise intolerance and pathogenesis of CFS (EXP 4). However, under physiological conditions this central neural drive of fatigue associated with metabolic up-regulation of brain 5-HT does not affect exercise performance of well- trained humans (EXPs 1,2). The exact mechanism(s) therefore for the attenuation of RPE with caffeine is unlikely to be a brain 5-HT-mediated but most likely a DA- mediated effect. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

China\u27s Industrial Policy and its Impact on U.S. Companies, Workers and the American Economy

[Excerpt] China’s industrial policies have had a profound effect on the U.S. economy. The trade deficit with China in goods reached $266 billion in 2008, resulting in slower U.S. economic growth and fewer jobs here than if the trade relationship were more balanced between imports and exports. Witnesses differed as to the degree that the overall U.S. trade deficit would decline if the trading relationship between the two countries were brought into balance. But it is significant that the U.S. deficit with China represented 33 percent of the total U.S. trade deficit with the world and 42.6 percent of the deficit with non-oil exporting countries. In addition, it is not just the size of the deficit that policymakers should examine, but the changing nature of its composition. The United States in 2008 ran a record$72.7 billion trade deficit with China in advanced technology products

CIMODE 2016: 3º Congresso Internacional de Moda e Design: proceedings

O CIMODE 2016 é o terceiro Congresso Internacional de Moda e Design, a decorrer de 9 a 12 de maio de 2016 na cidade de Buenos Aires, subordinado ao tema : EM--‐TRAMAS. A presente edição é organizada pela Faculdade de Arquitetura, Desenho e Urbanismo da Universidade de Buenos Aires, em conjunto com o Departamento de Engenharia Têxtil da Universidade do Minho e com a ABEPEM – Associação Brasileira de Estudos e Pesquisa em Moda.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio