Quantitative Hyperspectral Imaging Pipeline to Recover Surface Images from CRISM Radiance Data

Hyperspectral data are important for remote applications such as mineralogy, geology, agriculture and surveillance sensing. A general pipeline converting measured hyperspectral radiance to the surface reflectance image can provide planetary scientists with clean, robust and repeatable products to work on. In this dissertation, the surface single scattering albedos (SSAs), the ratios of scattering eciency to scattering plus absorption eciences of a single particle, are selected to describe the reflectance. Moreover, the IOF, the ratio of measured spectral radiance (in the unit of watts per squared-meter and micrometer) to the solar spectral radiance (in the unit of watts per squared-meter and micrometer) at the observed time, is used to indicate the measurements. This pipeline includes two main parts: retrieving SSAs from IOF and reconstructing the SSA images from the SSA cube. The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) helps scientists identify locations on Mars that may have exhibit hydrated mineral phases. This dissertation mainly focuses on developing the pipeline for CRISM data. One should notice that pipelines for other hyperspectral spectrometers can also be developed based on almost the same idea. Retrieving surface kinetic temperatures and SSA values from IOF data is challenging because the problem is under-determined and ill-posed, including modulating effects of atmospheric aerosols and gases, and surface scattering and emission properties. We introduce a general framework called STANN (Separating Temperature and Albedo using Neural Networks) to solve this kind of problem. STANN takes the hyperspectral IOF cube as inputs and outputs the retrieved temperature mapping and the corresponding SSA cube. Our STANN is derived using the Discrete Ordinates Radiative Transfer function to describe the forward model from SSA and temperature to IOF. In the STANN, we have a generator to generate more training samples based on limited library spectra and a neural network to approximate the inverse function based on enough generated training samples. This framework has been implemented for the Compact Imaging Spectrometer for Mars in a detailed manner. SSA can be computed from IOF directly by modeling the thermal and solar reflectance together, based on retrieved temperatures. Because accurate retrieved temperature directly leads to accurate SSA, we compare the accuracy of retrieved temperatures from STANN. The retrieved temperature has only 4 K error by one point validation (242 K) using the Curiosity Rover\u27s thermal radiometer data. Our STANN temperature map is compared with a temperature map generated independently from a theoretical thermal model. The theoretical thermal model describes the relationship between Lambert albedo at the wavelength 1.0 µm, thermal inertia and the surface temperature. However, because the thermal inertia has pixel size larger than 100 m/pixel, the generated temperature also has the same pixel size. Our STANN temperature is projected into the same pixel size (100 m/pixel) by the classic projection method. The two temperature maps have consistent global patterns. Retrieved from an IOF cube, a noisy hyperspectral SSA cube needs to be denoised and reconstructed onto the Mars surface. We propose a new algorithm, hypothesis-based estimation with regularization (HyBER), to reconstruct and denoise hyperspectral image data without extra statistical assumptions. The hypothesis test selects the best statistical model approximating measurements based on the data only. Gaussian and Poisson distributions are common respectively for continuous and integer random variables, due to the law of large numbers. Hyperspectral IOF data result from converting discrete photon counting data to continuous electrical signals after calibration. Thus, so far, Gaussian and Poisson are candidate distributions for our hypothesis tests. A regularized maximum log-likelihood estimation method is derived based on the selected model. A spatially dependent weighting on the regularization penalty is presented, substantially eliminating row artifacts that are due to non-uniform sampling. A new spectral weighting penalty is introduced to suppress varying detector-related noise. HyBER generates reconstructions with sharpened images and spectra in which the noise is suppressed, whereas fine-scale mineral absorptions are preserved. The performance is quantitatively analyzed for simulations with relative error 0.002%, which is better than the traditional non-statistical methods (baselines) and statistical methods with improper assumptions. When applied to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u27s Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars data, the spatial resolution and contrast are about 2 times better as compared to map projecting data without the use of HyBER. So far, part of our results has enabled planetary scientists to identify minerals and understand the forming history of Mars craters. Some of these findings are verified by the Opportunity Rover\u27s measurements. In the future, results from this pipeline for CRISM are promising to play more and more critical roles in the planetary science

Remote Sensing and Geosciences for Archaeology

This book collects more than 20 papers, written by renowned experts and scientists from across the globe, that showcase the state-of-the-art and forefront research in archaeological remote sensing and the use of geoscientific techniques to investigate archaeological records and cultural heritage. Very high resolution satellite images from optical and radar space-borne sensors, airborne multi-spectral images, ground penetrating radar, terrestrial laser scanning, 3D modelling, Geographyc Information Systems (GIS) are among the techniques used in the archaeological studies published in this book. The reader can learn how to use these instruments and sensors, also in combination, to investigate cultural landscapes, discover new sites, reconstruct paleo-landscapes, augment the knowledge of monuments, and assess the condition of heritage at risk. Case studies scattered across Europe, Asia and America are presented: from the World UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa to heritage under threat in the Middle East and North Africa, from coastal heritage in the intertidal flats of the German North Sea to Early and Neolithic settlements in Thessaly. Beginners will learn robust research methodologies and take inspiration; mature scholars will for sure derive inputs for new research and applications

Grave Reminders

From ca. 1600 – 1000 BC, builders across southern Greece crafted thousands of rock-cut chamber tombs similar to earlier and contemporary ‘beehive’ tholos tombs. Both tomb styles were designed with multiple uses in mind, filling with the remains of funerals forgotten over generations of reuse. In rare cases, the tombs were used once or seemingly not at all, cleaned thoroughly or sealed and abandoned entirely. Rather than focus on the missing or muddled record of funeral and post-funeral activities, this book re-examines Mycenaean tomb architecture and the decisions that guided it. From minimalistic to monumental, builders designed tombs with forethought to how commissioners and witnesses would react and remember them. Patterns suggest that memories of what tombs should look like heavily influenced new construction toward recurring shapes and appropriate scales. The wider debates over cost from ‘architectural energetics’ and perception in Aegean mortuary behaviour are thus revisited. Both can find common purpose in labour measured through a relative index and collective memory – how labourers and patrons saw their work. That metric for comparison lies within a median standard: in this instance, tombs expressed in terms of correlative shape and simple labour investment of the earth and rock moved to create them. This was accomplished here through photogrammetric modelling of 94 multi-use tombs in Achaea and Attica, verifying a cost-effective alternative for local authorities warding off information loss through site destruction from looting and earthquakes. Since most labour models suggest the tombs were not burdensome, commissioners held extravagant building in check by weighing the social risks and rewards of standing out from the crowd

Contributions to autonomous robust navigation of mobile robots in industrial applications

151 p.Un aspecto en el que las plataformas móviles actuales se quedan atrás en comparación con el punto que se ha alcanzado ya en la industria es la precisión. La cuarta revolución industrial trajo consigo la implantación de maquinaria en la mayor parte de procesos industriales, y una fortaleza de estos es su repetitividad. Los robots móviles autónomos, que son los que ofrecen una mayor flexibilidad, carecen de esta capacidad, principalmente debido al ruido inherente a las lecturas ofrecidas por los sensores y al dinamismo existente en la mayoría de entornos. Por este motivo, gran parte de este trabajo se centra en cuantificar el error cometido por los principales métodos de mapeado y localización de robots móviles,ofreciendo distintas alternativas para la mejora del posicionamiento.Asimismo, las principales fuentes de información con las que los robots móviles son capaces de realizarlas funciones descritas son los sensores exteroceptivos, los cuales miden el entorno y no tanto el estado del propio robot. Por esta misma razón, algunos métodos son muy dependientes del escenario en el que se han desarrollado, y no obtienen los mismos resultados cuando este varía. La mayoría de plataformas móviles generan un mapa que representa el entorno que les rodea, y fundamentan en este muchos de sus cálculos para realizar acciones como navegar. Dicha generación es un proceso que requiere de intervención humana en la mayoría de casos y que tiene una gran repercusión en el posterior funcionamiento del robot. En la última parte del presente trabajo, se propone un método que pretende optimizar este paso para así generar un modelo más rico del entorno sin requerir de tiempo adicional para ello

Physiology of exercise in health and disease, with special reference to effort intolerance, training and thermoregulation in man

1. Davies, C.T.M., (1968) Limitdtions to the prediction of maximum oxygen intake from cardiac frequency measurements. J. Appl. Physiol. 24, 700 -706 || 2. Cotes, J.E., Davies, C.T.M., Edholm, G G., Healy, M.J.R., and Tanner, J.M., (1969). Factors relating to the aerobic capacity of 46 healthy British males and females, ages 18 -28 years. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 174, 91 -114 || 3. Davies, C.T.M., Tuxworth, W., and Young, J.M., (1970). Physiological effects of repeated exercise. Clin. Sci. 39, 247 -258 || 4. Di Prampero, P.E., Davies, C.T.M., Cerretelli, P., and Margaria R., (1970) An analysis of 02 debt contracted in submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 29, 547 -551 || 5. Godfrey, S., and Davies, C.T.M., (1970) Estimates of arterial PCO2 and their effect on the calculated values of cardiac output and deadspace in exercise tests. Clin. Sci. 39, 529 -537 || 6. Davies, C.T.M., Kitchin, A.H., Knibbs, A.V., and Neilson, J.M., (1971) Computer Quantitation of ST segment response to graded exercise in untrained and trained normal subjects. Cardiovascular Research, 5, 201 -209 || 7. Godfrey, S., Davies, C.T.M., Wozniak, E., and Barnes, Carolyn A., (1971) Cardio -respiratory response to exercise in normal children. Clin. Sci. 40, 419 -431 || 8. Davies, C.T.M., (1972). The oxygen transporting system in relation to age. Clin. Sci. 42, 1 -13 || 9. Davies, C.T.M., Di Prampero, P.E., and Ceretelli, P., (1972) Kinetics of cardiac output and respiratory gas exchange during exercise and recovery. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 618 -625 || 10. Edwards, R.H.T., Denison, D.M., Jones, G., Davies, C.T.M., and Campbell, E.J.M., (1972) Changes in mixed venous gas tensions at the start of exercise in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 165 -169 || 11. Davies, C.T.M., and Barnes, Carolyn A., (1972) Plasma FFA in relation to maximum power output in man. Int. Z. Angew Physiol. 30, 247-257 || 12. Davies, C.T.M., Barnes Carolyn A., Fox, R.H., Ojikutu, R., Ola and Samueloff A.S., (1972). Ethnic difference in physical work capacity. J. Appl. Physiol. 33, 726 -732 || 13. Davies, C.T.M., (1973) Relationship of maximum aerobic power output to productivity and absenteeism of East African sugar cane workers. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 30, 146 -154 || 14. Davies, C.T.M., Chukweumeka, A.C., and Van Haaren, J.P.M., (1973) Iron deficiency anaemia: its effect on maximum aerobic power and responses to exercise in African males, aged 17 -40 years. Clin. Sci. 44, 555 -566 || 15. Cotes, J.E., Berry, G., Burkinshaw, L., Davies, C.T.M., Hall, A.M., Jones, P.R.M., and Knibbs, A.V., (1973). Cardiac frequency during submaximal exercise in young adults: relation to lean body mass, total body potassium and amount of leg muscle. Q.J.Expl.Physiol. 58, 239 -250 || 16. Davies, C.T.M., and Van Haaren, J.P.M., (1973) The effect of treatment the physiological responses to exercise in East African Industrial workers with iron deficiency anaemia. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 30, 335 -340. || 17. Sargeant, A.J., and Davies, C.T.M., (1973). Perceived exertion during rhythmic exercise involving different muscle masses. Human Ergology, 2, 3 -11 || 18. Davies, C.T.M., Sargeant, A.J., and Smith, B., (1974). The physiological responses to running downhill. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 187 -194 || 19. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1974) Physiological responses to standardised arm work. Ergonomics 17, 41 -49 || 20. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1974). Exercise performance with one and two -legs breathing air and 45% oxygen. J. Appl. Physiol. 36, 142 -148 || 21. Davies, C.T.M., Few J.D., Foster, K.G., and Sargeant, A.J., (1974). Plasma catecholamine concentration during dynamic exercise involving different muscle groups. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 195 -206 || 22. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1974). Indirect determination of maximal aerobic power during work with one or two limbs. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 207 -215 || 23. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1974). Effects of hypoxic training on normoxic maximal aerobic power output. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 33, 227 -236 || 24. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1975) Changes in physiological performance of the lower limb after fracture and subsequent rehabilitation Clin. Sci. & Mol. Med. 48, 107 -114 || 25. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1975) physiological responses to 1 and 2 leg 377 -381 || 26. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1975). exercise in patients following fracture J. Rehab. Med. 7, 45 -50. Effects of training on the work. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, Physiological responses to of the lower limb. Scand. || 27. Davies, C.T.M., Godfrey, S., Light, M., Sargeant, A.J., and Zeidifard, E.,. (1975) Cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in obese girls and young women. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, 373 -376 || 28. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1975) Circadian variation in physiological responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32, 110 -114 || 29. Collins, K.J. Brotherhood, J.R., Davies, C.T.M., Dore, Caroline, Hackett, J., Imms, F.J., Musgrove, J., Weiner, J.S., Amin, M.A., El Karim, M., Ismail, H11.M., Omer A.J.S., and Sukkar, M.Y., (1976). Physiological performance and work capacity of Sudanese can cutters with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Amer. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 25, 401,421 || 30. Nielsen, B., and Davies, C.T.M., (1976). Temperature regulation during exercise in water and air. Acta Physiol. Scand. 98, 500 -508 || 31. Davies, C.T.M., Brotherhood, J.R., Few,J.D., and Zeidifard, E., (1976) Effects of ß blockade and atropinisation on plasma catecholamine concentration during exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 36, 49 -56 || 32. Davies, C.T.M., Brotherhood, J.R., and Zeidifard, E., (1976). Temperature regulation during severe exercise with some observations on the effects of skin wetting. J. Appl. Physiol. 41, 772 -776 || 33. Sargeant, A.J., Davies, C.T.M., Edwards, R.H.T., Maunder, C., and Young A., (1977). Functional and structural changes after disuse of human muscle. Clin. Sci. & Mol. Med. 52,337 -342 || 34. Sargeant, A.J., and Davies, C.T.M., (1977). Forces applied to cranks of a bicycle ergometer during one and two leg cycling. J. Appl. Physiol. 42, 514 -518 || 35. Sargeant, A.J., & Davies, C.T.M., (1977). The effect of disuse muscular atrophy on the forces generated in dynamic exercise. Clin. Sci. & Mol. Med. 53, 182 -188 || 36. Fohlin, L., Freyschuss, E., Bjarke, B., Davies, C.T.M., and Thoren, C., (1978). Function and Dimensions of the circulatory system in anorexia nervosa. Acta. Paed. Scand. 67, 11 -16 || 37. Davies, C.T.M., Von Dobeln, W. Fohlin, L., Freyschuss u., and Thoren, C., (1978). Total body potassium, fat free weight and maximal aerobic power in children with Anorexia Nervosa. Acta. Pediatr. Scand. 67, 229 -334 || 38. Davies, C.T.M., Brotherhood, J.P., and ZeidiFard, E., (1978). Effects of Atropine and (3-Blockade on Temperature Regulation and Performance during Prolonged Exercise. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, 225 -232 || 39. Zeidifard, E., and Davies, C.T.M., (1978). An Assessment of a N20 Rebreathing Method for the Estimation of Cardiac Output During Severe Exercise. Ergonomics, 21, 567 -572 || 40. Sargeant,A.J., Crawley, M.A., and Davies, C.T.M., (1979). Physiological Responses to Exercise in Myocardial Infarction Patients Following Residential Rehabilitation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 60, 121 -125 || 41. Davies, C.T.M., (1979). The effects of different levels of heat production induced by diathermy and eccentric work on thermoregulation during exercise at a given skin temperature. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 40, 171 -180 || 42. Davies, C.T.M., and Thompson, M.W., (1979). Aerobic Performance of Female Marathon and Male Ultra- marathon Athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 41, 233 -245 || 43. Davies, C.T.M., (1979). Thermoregulation during exercise in relation to sex and age. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 42, 71 -79 || 44. Davies, C.T.M., (1979). Influence of skin temperature on sweating and aerobic performance during severe work. J. Appl. Physiol. 47, 770 -777 || 45. Davies, C.T.M., and Sargeant, A.J., (1979). The effects of atropine and Practolol on the perception of exertion during treadmill exercise. Ergonomics 22, 1141 -1146 || 46. C.T.M., Fohlen L., and Temperature regulation in Anorexia nervosa patients during prolonged exercise. Acta. Med. Scand. 205, 257 -262 || 47. Davies, C.T.M., (1980) Influence of air flow and skin temperature on sweating during and following exercise. Ergonomics. 23, 559 -569 || 48. Davies, C.T.M., Fohlen L., and Thoren C., (1979) The effects of wind resistance on the forward motion of a runner. J. Appl. Physiol. 48, 702 -709 || 49. Davies, C.T.M., (1980) Metabolic cost of exercise and physical performance in children with some observations on external loading. Eur. J. Appl. 45, 95 -102 || 50. Davies, C.T.M., (1980) Effect of air resistance on the metabolic cost and performance of cycling. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 45, 245 -254

Drift Reduction for Inertial Sensor Based Orientation and Position Estimation in the Presence of High Dynamic Variability During Competitive Skiing and Daily-Life Walking

Nowadays inertial sensors are extensively used for gait analysis. They can be used to perform temporal event detection (i.e. step detection) and to estimate the orientation of the feet and other body segments to determine walking speed and distance. Usually, orientation is estimated from integration of the measured angular velocity. Prior to integration of measured acceleration to obtain speed, the gravity component has to be estimated and removed. During each integration small measurement errors accumulate and result in so-called drift. Since the first uses of inertial sensors for gait analysis methods have been presented to model, estimate and remove the drift. The proposed methods worked well for relatively slow movements and movements taking place in the sagittal plane. Many methods also relied on periodically occurring static phases such as the stance phase during walking to correct the drift. Inertial sensors could also be used to track higher dynamic movements, for example in sports. Potential applications focus on two aspects: performance analysis and injury prevention. To better explain and predict performance, in-field measurements to assess the coordination, kinematics, and dynamics are key. While traditional movement analysis (e.g. video analysis) can answer most of the questions related to both performance and injury, they are cumbersome and complex to use in-field. Inertial sensors, however, are perfectly suited since they allow to measure the movement in any environment and are not restricted to certain capture volumes. Nevertheless, most sports have very high movement dynamics (e.g. fast direction changes, high speeds) and are therefore challenging for computing reliable estimates of orientation, speed and position. The inertial measurements are compromised by noise and movements oftentimes don't provide static or slow phases used in gait analysis for drift correction. Therefore, the present thesis aimed to propose and validate new methods to model, estimate and remove drift in sports and for movements taking place outdoors in uncontrolled environments. Three different strategies were proposed to measure the movement of classical cross-country skiing and ski mountaineering, alpine ski racing, and outdoor walking over several kilometres. For each activity specific biomechanical constraints and movement dynamics were exploited. The proposed methods rely only on inertial sensors and magnetometers and are able to provide orientation, speed, and position information with an accuracy and precision close to existing gold standards. The most complete system was designed in alpine ski racing, probably one of the most challenging sports for movement analysis. Extreme vibrations, high speeds of over 120 km/h and a timing resolution below 0.01 seconds require maximum accuracy and precision. The athlete's posture and the kinematics of his centre of mass both in a relative athlete-centred frame and in a global Earth-fixed frame could be obtained with high accuracy and precision. Where 3D video analysis requires a very complex experimental setup and takes several hours of post processing to analyse a single turn of a skier, the proposed system allows to measure multiple athletes and complete runs within minutes. Thus, new experimental designs to assess performance and injury risk in alpine ski racing became feasible, greatly helping to gain further knowledge about this highly complex and risky sport

Special Libraries, November 1975

Volume 66, Issue 11https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1975/1008/thumbnail.jp

Special Libraries, November 1975

Volume 66, Issue 11https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1975/1008/thumbnail.jp

HIGH-RESOLUTION XRF-LIDAR SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LATE GUADALUPIAN CAPITAN SLOPE AT MCKITTRICK CANYON, TEXAS: PROCESS-RESPONSE OF OSCILLATING DELAWARE BASIN SEA LEVEL

Owing to their intermediate position within the facies tract, carbonate slopes connecting platforms to the basin floor are continuous subaqueous sensitive sedimentologic recorders of changes in sea level and ocean chemistry. This work integrates a novel outcrop approach combining a 3-D LiDAR model with detailed X-Ray Fluorescence data to analyze 4th- and 5th- order sequences for the classic Late Guadalupian strata of McKittrick Canyon, West Texas. Two detailed outcrop sections along slope sections were systematically investigated. The results show that the stratigraphic sequences of late Guadalupian age were divided into five 4th order sequences and further subdivided into fifteen high-frequency cycle sets and twenty possible 5th-level high-frequency cycles. Depositional settings and paleoenvironments owing to oscillations in sea level show pronounced differences in the study area. Two types of onlap and downlap were observed in 3D LiDAR model. The bedding terminations and boundaries are observed through the digital 3D LiDAR model. A hierarchical cluster analysis of 27 element variations shows six major clusters and then grouped in siliciclastic proxies of Si,Ti, Zr, Al, Si/Ti, K, carbonate proxies of Ca, Sr, and redox proxies of U, Mo, V, Ni and Cu. Twelve chemostratigraphic packages are defined based on the variations of elemental proxies. Enrichment of Mo, U and Mo-U Ratios show the foreslope deposits were mostly deposited under oxic to suboxic conditions while toe-of-slope deposits was mostly deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. This is interpreted to be associated with the water mass circulation variations caused by relative sea level changes through the Hovey Channel