444 research outputs found

    Tit-for-tat Strategies in Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma Games: Evidence from NCAA Football

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    Defection in every period is the dominant strategy Nash equilibrium in finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma games with complete information. However, in the presence of incomplete information, players may have an incentive to cooperate in some periods, leading to tit-for-tat strategies. We describe the decision to comply with recruiting regulations or cheat made by NCAA Division IA football programs as a finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma game. The game includes incomplete information about the resources devoted to football programs, the recruiting effort made by rival programs, and the behavior of rival programs. We test for evidence that NCAA Division IA football programs follow tit-for-tat strategies in terms of complying with or defecting from NCAA recruiting rules using panel data from NCAA Division IA football over the period 1976-2005. We find anecdotal and empirical evidence that is consistent with tit-for-tat strategies in this setting. The presence of in-conference rivals under NCAA sanctions increases the probability of a team being placed under sanctions.noncooperative behavior; cartels; NCAA football; tit-for-tat strategies

    Student Athletes’ Perception of Sexual Harassment

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    Purpose: This qualitative study examined the perceptions of student athletes regarding sexual harassment and other forms of gendered harassment (homophobic bullying) as well as knowledge of and/or experiences with harassment in high school and university settings, primarily in athletic school culture. Methodology: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-seven former high school athletes/active university athletes. The data were analyzed regarding theme and their relationship to the reviewed literature. Findings: Findings indicate that the athletic culture poses particular issues pertaining to the vulnerabilities and persistence of sexual bullying and harassment. Discussion: Educators, coaches, and administrators must understand harassment, work to establish and implement an educational precedent and policies to decrease the likelihood of occurrence and acceptance, and provide resources for addressing discrimination and hostility on campuses

    Blood, Sweat, Tears: A Re-Examination of the Exploitation of College Athletes

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    2021 Louise Halper Award Winner for Best Student Note The unrest revolving around compensation for college athletes is not a new concept. However, public attitudes are shifting. With spirited arguments on both sides, and the recent Supreme Court decision of National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston regarding antitrust exemptions, the issue has been placed in a spotlight. This Note examines the buildup of discontentment through the history of the NCAA and amateurism, specifically how the term “student-athlete” became coined. It will then move to litigation efforts by athletes in an attempt to gain employment status, and an alternative route of unionization. Models that examine the fair market value of athletes, as well as the issue of rent sharing, place the monetary value of this labor into perspective. This Note highlights recent legislative pushes, both state and federal, to compensate athletes through name, image and likeness laws and the subsequent approval of the NCAA. However, this Note proposes that this new publicity surrounding NIL law creates the opportunity to rectify injustices beyond that of what third-party compensation models could provide. In conclusion, this Note advocates for the full-spectrum protection offered through a proposed College Athletes Bill of Rights

    Do isokinetic variables generated correlate to vertical jump and standing long jump measures in collegiate football athletes?

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    In this study, a correlation between isokinetic testing of the knee and the vertical jump and single leg jump in collegiate division 1 football players was investigated. The medical records of 68 athletes were selected for this study. Correlations and two-tailed regressions were run. Data was analyzed with raw numbers as well as allometrically scaled numbers. Correlation analysis is revealed time to peak torque (TPT60) in both the right and left hamstrings at 60°/sec was significant in the vertical jump (VJ). At 180°/sec, power in the left leg (P180-LQ and P180-LH), peak torque in the left quadriceps (PT180-LQ), and left hamstring (PT180-LH) were significant for the vertical jump. Pearson r indicated a relationship between the variables of 60°/sec isokinetic testing. Vertical jump correlation analysis revealed that power output in the right quadriceps (P180-RQ), peak torque in the right quadriceps (PT60-RQ), right hamstring (PT60- RH), and left hamstring (PT60-VLH) at 60°/sec were significant in the standing long jump (SLJ). At 180°/sec, power in the quadriceps and hamstrings of both legs (P180-RQ, P180-LQ, P180-RH, and P180-LH) and peak torque in the quadriceps and hamstrings of both legs (PT180- RQ, PT180-LQ, PT180-RH, and PT180-LH) were significant with moderate Pearson r relationships for the SLJ. From these findings, correlations exist that give a better understanding of the results of the VJ and SLJ tests. The use of isokinetic testing to assist in assessing the results of on-field testing is valid

    Fraud on Any Market

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    Claims of securities fraud had historically failed because investors seldom rely on false or misleading statements when transacting securities. To bolster confidence in securities markets, the U.S. Supreme Court adopted a doctrine called “fraud-on-the-market” so that duped investors can show detrimental reliance without ever encountering the fraudulent statements. The doctrine assumes that a stock’s price reflects all material information, meaning that an investor who bought tainted stock has constructively relied on the fraud. Fraud-on-the-market is not only unavailable in other markets but is also embattled within securities law. The doctrine has endured volleys of criticisms about whether markets actually absorb information, leading critics to believe that the Supreme Court would eliminate it in 2014. The Court did not. In light of persistent questions about whether the doctrine reflects reality or has outlived its purpose, our empirical research tests fraud-on-the-market’s viability by investigating sports gambling: we find that the doctrine provides a sound remedy for investors in any market. The sports wagering market operates like others in which defrauded individuals have historically failed to support their fraud claims due to a lack of reliance. We show that securities and gambling markets suffer from many of the same frailties. Chief among them is that both investors and bettors place money in markets where they lack information about deception, cheating, and fraud. And like investors rely on prices affected by fraud, gamblers reference wagering information based on the playing field: if deception enables a team to fare better or worse, this skews the betting lines on which gamblers rely. The difference between these markets, though, is that investors enjoy a body of securities law to condemn fraud. We first argue that fraud-on-the-market would benefit most types of investable markets like sports gambling and support the doctrine in the securities context. Despite criticisms of the doctrine, our analysis shows that fraud creates the presumption of distorted prices. Second, the money wagered via sports betting and daily fantasy sports (DFS) would generate damages such that leagues would better maintain a competitive environment, boosting sports integrity akin to how securities regulations provide market protections. Also, our argument recognizes the inequity of denying sports bettors and DFS users a remedy. Whereas the leagues had traditionally benefited from gambling indirectly, today, the NFL, NHL, MLB, and NBA have partnered with DFS and other gambling industry companies. Since the leagues now benefit directly from gambling, and lucratively so, they should owe their fans a truly competitive landscape

    "The Organization of s National System of Higher Education: Some Preliminary Thoughts on a Decentralized System"

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    The purpose of this paper is to address a fundamental question about higher education. If a country wanted to design a system of higher education, what would the optimal institutional structure of the system look like? This question is very broad so we limit our initial approach by analyzing one aspect of this question and ask how well a decentralized higher education system will perform. This paper is preliminary and does not provide an answer to this question; rather it attempts to lay out a framework for thinking about this question using existing systems, principally the US, as a model for how such a system would work.higher education, rankings, organization of higher education

    Occupational Athletes: An Integrated Approach to Firefighting Performance

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    Introduction: Over the past 20 years, the injury rates among firefighters have captured the interest of sport scientists. In order to prevent firefighter injuries, however, scholars must first gain a better understanding of firefighting performance (Smith, 2011). This has been a challenge, since to date sport scientists have focused primarily on the physical aspects of firefighting performance and have overlooked the multidimensional nature of firefighting performance (Gnacinski, Meyer, & Ebersole, in press). In the sport arena, sport scientists often use theoretical models to conceptualize the multiple demands experienced by an athlete. Guided by an integrated model of sport performance, the Meyer Athlete Performance Management Model (MAPM; Meyer, Merkur, Ebersole, & Massey, in press), the purposes of the current study were to: (a) describe the physical and psychological characteristics of cadets, recruits, and active firefighters; (b) compare physical and psychological characteristics of cadets, recruits, and active firefighters; and (c) provide evidence-based recommendations for the development of integrated firefighting training programs. Methods: Male cadets (n = 11), recruits (n = 27), and active firefighters (n = 15) completed a battery of physical (i.e., aerobic fitness, muscular strength and endurance, body composition, functional movement, muscular power) and psychological (i.e., personality, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, anxiety, psychological skills use) assessments. Results: No significant differences emerged between groups for any of the physical or psychological characteristics assessed with the exception of several psychological skills used during training. Specifically, cadets and active firefighters reported using self-talk, emotional control, and attentional control more than recruits (ps \u3c .001), active firefighters reported using automaticity more so than recruits (p = .003), and cadets reported using activation more so than recruits (p = .001). Discussion: Results of the current study supported the use of an integrated model of sport performance to conceptualize firefighting performance. Results of the current study also provided directions for firefighting training programs and future research

    Talkin\u27 Black: African American English Usage in Professional African American Athletes

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    Sports play an important role in the culture of the United States as does language, so the choice to use non-Standard dialects in a nation that privileges the Standard and negatively judges dialectical differences, especially those spoken by mostly people of color, is not undertaken lightly. Because of this privileging of Standard American English, it is assumed that only professional African American athletes are allowed to keep their native dialect if it is African American English (AAE) and still be successful. However, this is complicated by the historical and present increased criticisms women face in both sport and language. To investigate this claim, a quantitative analysis of post-game interviews of five men and five women in the National Basketball Association and Women’s National Basketball Association, respectively, was conducted. The athletes were analyzed to see if they used dental stopping and be-leveling, two features of AAE. Four additional features of AAE were also investigated on an exploratory basis. Inter-gender variance was found among both genders. Across genders, women used the features of AAE studied an average of 30.6 percent less than men, demonstrating a clear gender difference in the usage of AAE. The results of this study illustrate disparities in women and men’s language use that could be a consequence of the inherent and historical sexism women must face in the realms of both sport and language

    A brief review of body composition in police workforce

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    It is evident that success in performing certain police duties undoubtedly depends on the level of certain physical abilities, while good health status is necessary for each employee in police workforce. Tasks performed by police officers can involve chasing fleeing suspects on foot, grappling, wrestling and handling uncooperative belligerents, and carrying injured or unconscious people. Next to the “foot soldiers”, logistics and administration jobs are less physically but mentally very demanding and stressful. In both cases, body composition has twofold importance in physical fitness: performance-related and health-related. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to gather the studies that dealt with body composition in police workforce using various approaches with the aim to make a clearer insight into what has been done so far, and what might be done in the future
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