QoE estimation for different adaptive streaming techniques in mobile networks

Video services are becoming more and more popular for mobile network users and require greater and greater resources and provisions from telecommunications service providers. But operators suffer from problems of interoperability between the different adaptive transmissions techniques they employ in an attempt to satisfy the quality of experience (QoE) of the service provided to users and improve network performance. This article presents a comparison of four such streaming techniques - DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) - used in a live video playback by a user in different test scenarios on an emulated long-term evolution (LTE) network. Comparison of performance was carried out using the mean opinion score (MOS) metric calculated based on ITU-T Recommendation P.1203. The streaming techniques that performed best in each of the different test scenarios are revealed.El servicio de video es cada vez más popular por parte de los usuarios de redes móviles, además exige mayores recursos y prestaciones por parte de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones. Para satisfacer la calidad de la experiencia del servicio suministrado a los usuarios - QoE y mejorar el rendimiento de las redes, los operadores utilizan diferentes técnicas de transmisión adaptativa, las cuales presentan inconvenientes de interoperabilidad entre ellas.  En este artículo se presenta una comparación de las técnicas de streaming DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) empleadas en la reproducción de vídeo en vivo por parte de un usuario en diferentes escenarios de prueba, en una red LTE emulada. La comparación de desempeño se realiza mediante la métrica de la MOS calculada a partir de la Recomendación ITU-T P.1203. Se presenta para los diferentes escenarios bajo prueba, la técnica de streaming que mejor desempeño obtiene

QoE estimation for different adaptive streaming techniques in mobile networks

Video services are becoming more and more popular for mobile network users and require greater and greater resources and provisions from telecommunications service providers. But operators suffer from problems of interoperability between the different adaptive transmissions techniques they employ in an attempt to satisfy the quality of experience (QoE) of the service provided to users and improve network performance. This article presents a comparison of four such streaming techniques - DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) - used in a live video playback by a user in different test scenarios on an emulated long-term evolution (LTE) network. Comparison of performance was carried out using the mean opinion score (MOS) metric calculated based on ITU-T Recommendation P.1203. The streaming techniques that performed best in each of the different test scenarios are revealed.El servicio de video es cada vez más popular por parte de los usuarios de redes móviles, además exige mayores recursos y prestaciones por parte de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones. Para satisfacer la calidad de la experiencia del servicio suministrado a los usuarios - QoE y mejorar el rendimiento de las redes, los operadores utilizan diferentes técnicas de transmisión adaptativa, las cuales presentan inconvenientes de interoperabilidad entre ellas.  En este artículo se presenta una comparación de las técnicas de streaming DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) empleadas en la reproducción de vídeo en vivo por parte de un usuario en diferentes escenarios de prueba, en una red LTE emulada. La comparación de desempeño se realiza mediante la métrica de la MOS calculada a partir de la Recomendación ITU-T P.1203. Se presenta para los diferentes escenarios bajo prueba, la técnica de streaming que mejor desempeño obtiene

QoE estimation for different adaptive streaming techniques in mobile networks

Video services are becoming more and more popular for mobile network users and require greater and greater resources and provisions from telecommunications service providers. But operators suffer from problems of interoperability between the different adaptive transmissions techniques they employ in an attempt to satisfy the quality of experience (QoE) of the service provided to users and improve network performance. This article presents a comparison of four such streaming techniques - DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) - used in a live video playback by a user in different test scenarios on an emulated long-term evolution (LTE) network. Comparison of performance was carried out using the mean opinion score (MOS) metric calculated based on ITU-T Recommendation P.1203. The streaming techniques that performed best in each of the different test scenarios are revealed.El servicio de video es cada vez más popular por parte de los usuarios de redes móviles, además exige mayores recursos y prestaciones por parte de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones. Para satisfacer la calidad de la experiencia del servicio suministrado a los usuarios - QoE y mejorar el rendimiento de las redes, los operadores utilizan diferentes técnicas de transmisión adaptativa, las cuales presentan inconvenientes de interoperabilidad entre ellas.  En este artículo se presenta una comparación de las técnicas de streaming DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP), HDS (HTTP dynamic streaming), HLS (HTTP2 live streaming) and HSS (HTTP smooth streaming) empleadas en la reproducción de vídeo en vivo por parte de un usuario en diferentes escenarios de prueba, en una red LTE emulada. La comparación de desempeño se realiza mediante la métrica de la MOS calculada a partir de la Recomendación ITU-T P.1203. Se presenta para los diferentes escenarios bajo prueba, la técnica de streaming que mejor desempeño obtiene

Caracterización de tráfico para el servicio de Video Streaming en vivo sobre DASH en redes 4G basado en analizadores sintácticos

Context: Mobile data traffic generated by video services increases daily. To address this situation, telecommunication service providers must know the behavior of video traffic and thus adjust network resources to meet and maintain the quality levels required by users. Traffic characterization studies in 4G networks for Live Video Streaming (LVS) services are scarce, and those available are obtained from simulation scenarios in which the real operating conditions of these types of networks are not considered. Method: This work focuses on finding a model that characterizes traffic from the probability density functions of LVS services under the adaptive streaming DASH technique in LTE networks. The traces analyzed to carry out the modeling study were acquired in real emulation scenarios considering the operating conditions frequently presented in the actual provision of the service, for which five test scenarios were defined. Results: Based on the parameterization of a number of probability density functions found, a description of different traffic models of the service under study is presented, as well as for each of the pre-established test scenarios in a 4G-LTE network. Conclusions: From the results, it is concluded that the traffic model depends on the conditions of each scenario, and that there is no single model that describes the general behavior of LVS services under the adaptive streaming DASH technique in an emulated LTE network.Contexto: El tráfico de datos móviles generado por los servicios de video aumenta a diario. Para enfrentar dicha situación, los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones deben conocer el comportamiento del tráfico de video y así ajustar los recursos de la red que permitan satisfacer y mantener los niveles de calidad requeridos por los usuarios. Los estudios de caracterización de tráfico en redes 4G para el servicio Live Video Streaming (LVS) son escasos y los disponibles son obtenidos a partir de escenarios de simulación en los cuales no se consideran las condiciones reales de funcionamiento de este tipo de redes. Método: Este trabajo se centra en encontrar un modelado que caracterice el tráfico a partir de las funciones de densidad de probabilidad del servicio LVS bajo la técnica de streaming adaptativo DASH en redes LTE. Las trazas analizadas para realizar el estudio del modelado fueron adquiridas en escenarios reales de emulación considerando las condiciones de funcionamiento frecuentemente presentadas en la prestación real del servicio, para lo cual se definieron cinco escenarios de prueba. Resultados: Se presenta la descripción, a partir de la parametrización de algunas funciones de densidad de probabilidad encontradas, de diferentes modelos de tráfico del servicio bajo estudio y para cada uno de los escenarios de prueba preestablecidos en una red 4G-LTE. Conclusiones: A partir de los resultados, se concluye que el modelo de tráfico depende de las condiciones de cada escenario y que no existe un modelo único que describa el comportamiento general del servicio LVS bajo la técnica de streaming adaptativo DASH en una la red LTE emulada

Contributions to Vehicular Communications Systems and Schemes

La dernière décennie a marqué une grande hausse des applications véhiculaires comme une nouvelle source de revenus et un facteur de distinction dans l'industrie des véhicules. Ces applications véhiculaires sont classées en deux groupes : les applications de sécurité et les applications d'info divertissement. Le premier groupe inclue le changement intelligent de voie, l'avertissement de dangers de routes et la prévention coopérative de collision qui comprend la vidéo sur demande (VoD), la diffusion en direct, la diffusion de météo et de nouvelles et les jeux interactifs. Cependant, Il est à noter que d'une part, les applications véhiculaires d'info divertissement nécessitent une bande passante élevée et une latence relativement faible ; D'autre part, les applications de sécurité requièrent exigent un délai de bout en bout très bas et un canal de communication fiable pour la livraison des messages d'urgence. Pour satisfaire le besoin en applications efficaces, les fabricants de véhicules ainsi que la communauté académique ont introduit plusieurs applications à l’intérieur de véhicule et entre véhicule et véhicule (V2V). Sauf que, l'infrastructure du réseau sans fil n'a pas été conçue pour gérer les applications de véhicules, en raison de la haute mobilité des véhicules, de l'imprévisibilité du comportement des conducteurs et des modèles de trafic dynamiques. La relève est l'un des principaux défis des réseaux de véhicules, car la haute mobilité exige au réseau sans fil de faire la relève en un très court temps. De plus, l'imprévisibilité du comportement du conducteur cause l'échec des protocoles proactifs traditionnels de relève, car la prédiction du prochain routeur peut changer en fonction de la décision du conducteur. Aussi, le réseau de véhicules peut subir une mauvaise qualité de service dans les régions de relève en raison d'obstacles naturels, de véhicules de grande taille ou de mauvaises conditions météorologiques. Cette thèse se concentre sur la relève dans l'environnement des véhicules et son effet sur les applications véhiculaires. Nous proposons des solutions pratiques pour les réseaux actuellement déployés, principalement les réseaux LTE, l'infrastructure véhicule à véhicule (V2V) ainsi que les outils efficaces d’émulateurs de relèves dans les réseaux véhiculaires.----------ABSTRACT: The last decade marked the rise of vehicular applications as a new source of revenue and a key differentiator in the vehicular industry. Vehicular Applications are classified into safety and infotainment applications. The former include smart lane change, road hazard warning, and cooperative collision avoidance; however, the latter include Video on Demand (VoD), live streaming, weather and news broadcast, and interactive games. On one hand, infotainment vehicular applications require high bandwidth and relatively low latency; on the other hand, safety applications requires a very low end to end delay and a reliable communication channel to deliver emergency messages. To satisfy the thirst for practical applications, vehicle manufacturers along with research institutes introduced several in-vehicle and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) applications. However, the wireless network infrastructure was not designed to handle vehicular applications, due to the high mobility of vehicles, unpredictability of drivers’ behavior, and dynamic traffic patterns. Handoff is one of the main challenges of vehicular networks since the high mobility puts pressure on the wireless network to finish the handoff within a short period. Moreover, the unpredictability of driver behavior causes the traditional proactive handoff protocols to fail, since the prediction of the next router may change based on the driver’s decision. Moreover, the vehicular network may suffer from bad Quality of Service (QoS) in the regions of handoff due to natural obstacles, large vehicles, or weather conditions. This thesis focuses on the handoff on the vehicular environment and its effect on the vehicular applications. We consider practical solutions for the currently deployed networks mainly Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, the Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) infrastructure, and the tools that can be used effectively to emulate handoff on the vehicular networks

A Study of Effect of Architectural Design on Quality of Service of a Live Streaming Application with Multiple Endpoints over LTE Network

วิทยาศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต (วิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์), 2565The number of streaming service providers has been increasing dramatically every year. Hence, users may prefer to publish their stream to multiple service endpoints simultaneously to increase visibility. However, most service providers prefer to monopolize their services. Hence, a study of a suitable architectural design of a streaming service that supports multiple streaming endpoints has not gained lots of attention. In this study, the effect of adopting different architectural design on developing a live streaming service over LTE network which can supports multiple streaming endpoints are investigated. Two major designs are selected which are a selective forwarding unit-based architecture, and a non-selective forwarding unit-based architecture. The results suggest that a selective forwarding unit architecture has an advantage over a non-selective forwarding unit-based architecture on keeping the overall average streaming end-to-end delay to be minimum., while a fluctuation in an end-to-end delay occurs in a non-selective forwarding unit based architecture in our experiment testbed. The results, discussions, and suggestions on future studies are given at the end of this study.จํานวนผู้ให้บริการสตรีมมิ่งเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมากทุกปี ดังนั้นผู้ใช้บริการที่ต้องการเผยแพร่สตรีม ของตนไปยังผู้ให้บริการหลายแห่งเพื่อเพิ่มการมองเห็นจากผู้ชม อย่างไรก็ตาม ผู้ให้บริการส่วนใหญ่ ต้องการผูกขาดบริการของตน ทําให้การศึกษาการออกแบบสถาปัตยกรรมที่เหมาะสมของบริการ สตรีมมิ่งที่รองรับหลายปลายทางการสตรีมจึงไม่ได้รับความสนใจมากนัก ในการศึกษานี้จะตรวจสอบ ผลกระทบของการนําการออกแบบสถาปัตยกรรมที่แตกต่างกันมาใช้ในการพัฒนาบริการสตรีมมิ่งแบบ สดผ่านเครือข่าย Long Term Evolution(LTE) ซึ่งสามารถรองรับปลายทางการสตรีมหลายจุด การ ออกแบบที่สําคัญสองแบบซึ่งเป็นสถาปัตยกรรมแบบใช้หน่วยการส่งต่อแบบคัดเลือกและ สถาปัตยกรรมแบบไม่ใช้หน่วยการส่งต่อแบบคัดเลือก ผลลัพธ์ที่ได้แสดงให้เห็นว่าสถาปัตยกรรมแบบ ที่ใช้หน่วยการส่งต่อแบบคัดเลือกมีข้อได้เปรียบเหนือสถาปัตยกรรมที่ไม่ใช้หน่วยส่งต่อแบบคัดเลือก โดยรักษาการหน่วงเวลาการสตรีมจากต้นทางถึงปลายทางโดยเฉลี่ยน้อยกว่า ในขณะที่การหน่วงเวลา ของสถาปัตยกรรมแบบไม่ใช้หน่วยการส่งต่อแบบคัดเลือกจากต้นทางถึงปลายทางจะผันผวน ในแบบ การทดลองนี้ ผลลัพธ์ การอภิปราย และข้อเสนอแนะเกี่ยวกับการศึกษาในอนาคตท้ายการศึกษานี

Virtualization of multicast services in WiMAX networks

Multicast service is one of the methods used to efficiently manage bandwidth when sending multimedia content. To improve bandwidth utilisation, virtualization is often invoked because of its additional features such as bandwidth sharing and support of services that require high volumes of transactional data. Currently, network providers are concerned with the bandwidth amount for efficient use of the limited wireless network capabilities and the provision of a better quality of service. The virtualization design of a multicast service framework should satisfy several objectives. For example, it should enable the interchange of service delivery between multiple networks with one shareable network infrastructure. Also, it should ensure efficient use of network resources and guarantee users' demands of Quality of Service (QoS). Thus, the design of virtualization of multicast service framework is a complex research study. Due to the bandwidth-related arguments, a strong focus has been put on technical issues that facilitate virtualization in wireless networks. A well-designed virtualized network guarantees users with the required quality service. Similarly, virtualization of multicast service is invoked to improve efficient utilisation of bandwidth in wireless networks. As wireless links prove to be unstable, packet loss is unavoidable when multicast service-oriented virtual artefacts are incorporated in wireless networks. In this thesis, a virtualized multicast framework was modelled by using Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP) methodology. Mixed Integer Linear Programing (MILP) was implemented in MATLAB to solve the GAP model. This was to optimise the allocation of multicast traffic to the appropriate virtual networks. Thus, the developed model allows users to have interchangeable services offered by multiple networks. Furthermore, Network Simulator version 3 (NS-3) was used to evaluate the performance of the virtualized multicast framework. Three applications, namely, voice over IP (VoIP), video streaming, and file download have been used to evaluate the performance of a multicast service virtualization framework in Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks using NS-3. The performance evaluation was based on whether MILP is used or not used. The results of experimentation have revealed that there is good performance of virtual networks when multicast traffic is sent over one single virtual network instead of sending it over multiple virtual networks. Similarly, the results show that the bandwidth is efficiently used because the multicast traffic is not delivered through multiple virtual networks. Overall, the concepts, the investigations and the model presented in this thesis can enable mobile network providers to achieve efficient use of bandwidth and provide the necessary means to support services for QoS differentiations and guarantees. Also, the multicast service virtualization framework provides an excellent tool that can enable network providers to interchange services. The developed model can serve as a basis for further extension. Specifically, the extension of the model can boost load balancing in the flow allocation problem and activate a virtual network to deliver traffic. This may rely on the QoS policy between network providers. Therefore, the model should consider the number of users in order to guarantee improved QoS

Comunicaciones Móviles de Misión Crítica sobre Redes LTE

Mission Critical Communications (MCC) have been typically provided by proprietary radio technologies, but, in the last years, the interest to use commercial-off-the-shelf mobile technologies has increased. In this thesis, we explore the use of LTE to support MCC. We analyse the feasibility of LTE networks employing an experimental platform, PerformNetworks. To do so, we extend the testbed to increase the number of possible scenarios and the tooling available. After exploring the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of LTE, we propose different architectures to support the performance and functional requirements demanded by MCC. We have identified latency as one of the KPI to improve, so we have done several proposals to reduce it. These proposals follow the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) paradigm, locating the services in what we called the fog, close to the base station to avoid the backhaul and transport networks. Our first proposal is the Fog Gateway, which is a MEC solution fully compatible with standard LTE networks that analyses the traffic coming from the base station to decide whether it has to be routed to the fog of processed normally by the SGW. Our second proposal is its natural evolution, the GTP Gateway that requires modifications on the base station. With this proposal, the base station will only transport over GTP the traffic not going to the fog. Both proposals have been validated by providing emulated scenarios, and, in the case of the Fog Gateway, also with the implementation of different prototypes, proving its compatibility with standard LTE network and its performance. The gateways can reduce drastically the end-to-end latency, as they avoid the time consumed by the backhaul and transport networks, with a very low trade-off

Network reputation-based quality optimization of video delivery in heterogeneous wireless environments

The mass-market adoption of high-end mobile devices and increasing amount of video traffic has led the mobile operators to adopt various solutions to help them cope with the explosion of mobile broadband data traffic, while ensuring high Quality of Service (QoS) levels to their services. Deploying small-cell base stations within the existing macro-cellular networks and offloading traffic from the large macro-cells to the small cells is seen as a promising solution to increase capacity and improve network performance at low cost. Parallel use of diverse technologies is also employed. The result is a heterogeneous network environment (HetNets), part of the next generation network deployments. In this context, this thesis makes a step forward towards the “Always Best Experience” paradigm, which considers mobile users seamlessly roaming in the HetNets environment. Supporting ubiquitous connectivity and enabling very good quality of rich mobile services anywhere and anytime is highly challenging, mostly due to the heterogeneity of the selection criteria, such as: application requirements (e.g., voice, video, data, etc.); different device types and with various capabilities (e.g., smartphones, netbooks, laptops, etc.); multiple overlapping networks using diverse technologies (e.g., Wireless Local Area Networks (IEEE 802.11), Cellular Networks Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc.) and different user preferences. In fact, the mobile users are facing a complex decision when they need to dynamically select the best value network to connect to in order to get the “Always Best Experience”. This thesis presents three major contributions to solve the problem described above: 1) The Location-based Network Prediction mechanism in heterogeneous wireless networks (LNP) provides a shortlist of best available networks to the mobile user based on his location, history record and routing plan; 2) Reputation-oriented Access Network Selection mechanism (RANS) selects the best reputation network from the available networks for the mobile user based on the best trade-off between QoS, energy consumptions and monetary cost. The network reputation is defined based on previous user-network interaction, and consequent user experience with the network. 3) Network Reputation-based Quality Optimization of Video Delivery in heterogeneous networks (NRQOVD) makes use of a reputation mechanism to enhance the video content quality via multipath delivery or delivery adaptation