A review on hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks

The routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is defined as the manner of data dissemination from the network field (source) to the base station (destination). Based on the network topology, there are two types of routing protocols in WSNs, they are namely flat routing protocols and hierarchical routing protocols. Hierarchical routing protocols (HRPs) are more energy efficient and scalable compared to flat routing protocols. This paper discusses how topology management and network application influence the performance of cluster-based and chain-based hierarchical networks. It reviews the basic features of sensor connectivity issues such as power control in topology set-up, sleep/idle pairing and data transmission control that are used in five common HRPs, and it also examines their impact on the protocol performance. A good picture of their respective performances give an indication how network applications, i.e whether reactive or proactive, and topology management i.e. whether centralized or distributed would determine the network performance. Finally, from the ensuring discussion, it is shown that the chain-based HRPs guarantee a longer network lifetime compared to cluster-based HRPs by three to five times

Performance evaluation of data delivery approaches for wireless sensor networks

AbstractWireless sensor networks are expected to revolutionize our abilities in sensing and controlling the physical environment. Power conservation is a primary research concern for these networks, due to the limited energy resources of the sensor nodes. In this paper we study the data delivery approaches, suitable for hierarchical cluster based wireless sensor networks. A radio energy dissipation model is used to evaluate the energy, needed for both intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication. Based on the results we analyze the performance of various combined data delivery approaches. Additionally we study the impact of the base station location and the number of sensor nodes on the energy dissipation and the network lifetime

Energy Efficient Protocol with Static Clustering (EEPSC) Comparing with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol

A wireless sensor network with a large number of tiny sensor nodes can be used as an effective tool for gathering data in various situations. One of the major issues in wireless sensor networks is developing an energy-efficient routing protocol which has a significant impact on the overall lifetime of the sensor network. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical with static clustering routing protocol called Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static Clustering (EEPSC). EEPSC, partitions the network into static clusters, eliminates the overhead of dynamic clustering and utilizes temporary-cluster-heads to distribute the energy load among high power sensor nodes; thus extends network lifetime. We have conducted simulation-based evaluations to compare the performance of EEPSC against Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). Our experiment results show that EEPSC outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption minimization. Keywords—Clustering methods, energy efficiency, routing protocol, wireless sensor network

A Simulation Model for Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the critical issues in wireless sensor network is power saving scheme as network should be considered to operate more efficiently. The sensor nodes are usually operated by a finite number of batteries and it should have a certain lifetime for gathering, processing, and transmitting information. Since some sensor nodes may fail due to lack of power, this consideration has led to give more interest about routing protocols. Depending on the network structure, a sensor network can be hierarchical or cluster-based hierarchical model, where the nodes will play different roles in the networks. We present three different types of routing protocols: LEACH, PEGASIS, and VGA, several simulations are conducted to analyze the performance of these protocols including the power consumption and overall network performance. On the average, VGA has the worst power consumption when the sensing range is limited, while VGA is the best when the sensing range is increased

Parameterized Affect of Transmission-Range on Lost of Network Connectivity (LNC) of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks, referred to as WSNs, are made up of various types of sensor nodes. Recent developments in micro electro-mechanical technology have given rise to new integrated circuitry, microprocessor hardware and nanotechnology, wireless technology, and advanced networking routing protocols. Hospitals and health service facilities, the armed forces, and even residential customers represent a potential huge market for these devices. The problem is that existing sensor network nodes are incapable of providing the support needed to maximize usage of wireless technology. For this reason, there are many novel routing protocols for the wireless sensor networks proposed recently. One is Hierarchical or cluster-based routing. In this paper, we analyze three different types of hierarchical routing protocols: Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS), and Virtual Grid Architecture (VGA). We tried to analyze the performance of these protocols, including the power consumption and overall network performance. We also compared the routing protocol together. This comparison reveals the important features that need to be taken into consideration while designing and evaluating new routing protocols for sensor networks. The simulation results, using same limited sensing range value, show that PEGASIS outperforms all other protocols while LEACH has better performance than VGA. Furthermore, the paper investigates the power consumption for all protocols. On the average, VGA has the worst power consumption when the sensing range is limited, while VGA is the best when the sensing range is increased. Using homogeneous nodes can greatly prolong sensor network’s life time. Also, the network lifetime increases as the number of clusters decreases

Optimized Clustering Protocol for Balancing Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks

While wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly equipped to handle more complex functions and in-network processing may require these battery powered sensors to judiciously use their constrained energy to prolong the effective network lifetime. Cluster-based Hierarchical Routing Protocol using compressive sensing (CS) theory (CBHRP-CS) divides the network into several clusters, each managed by a set of CHs called a header. Each member of the header compresses the collected data using CS. This paper proposes an optimized clustering protocol using CS (OCP-CS) to improve the performance of WSNs by exploiting compressibility. In OCP-CS, each cluster is managed by a cluster head (CH). CHs are selected based on node concentration and sensor residual energy, and performs data aggregation using CS to reduce the energy consumed in the process of data sampling and transmission. Simulations show that our proposed protocol is effective in prolonging the network lifetime and supporting scalable data aggregation than existing protocols

Energy-Efficient Multi-Level and Distance-Aware Clustering Mechanism for WSNs

[EN] Most sensor networks are deployed at hostile environments to sense and gather specific information. As sensor nodes have battery constraints, therefore, the research community is trying to propose energyefficient solutions for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering (EEMDC) mechanism for WSNs. In this mechanism, the area of the network is divided into three logical layers, which depends upon the hop-count-based distance from the base station. The simulation outcomes show that EEMDC is more energy efficient than other existing conventional approaches.This work has been partially supported by the 'Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion', through the 'Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011' in the 'Subprograma de Proyectos de Investigacion Fundamental', project TEC2011-27516, and by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, through the PAID-15-11 multidisciplinary projectsMehmood, A.; Khan, S.; Shams, B.; Lloret, J. (2015). Energy-Efficient Multi-Level and Distance-Aware Clustering Mechanism for WSNs. International Journal of Communication Systems. 28(5):972-989. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.2720S972989285Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Toledo, J. F. (2011). Power Saving and Energy Optimization Techniques for Wireless Sensor Neworks (Invited Paper). 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An Analytical Study of LEACH Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

—The use of low power sensor nodes to collect useful sensing information effectively is critical for any wireless sensor network (WSN) application to last longer. To increase network lifetime, energy consumption is considered as one of an essential performance metric. Most of the current proposed routing protocols proposed to reduce the amount of energy consumed and to increase the network lifetime. The common pioneer hierarchical routing protocol for wsn such as Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchical Routing (LEACH) is also proposed to improve the energy efficiency of WSN. LEACH is a cluster based routing protocol in which sensor nodes are combined together to form separate clusters and every cluster has a leader node named cluster head (CH). In this paper, we have done the analytical study of LEACH protocol to identify to what extent LEACH protocol can perform in terms of average energy consumption and packet loss for different data rate

A Novel Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks With Improved Energy Efficient LEACH

Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsns) Have Been Widely Considered As One Of The Most Important Technologies For The Twenty-First Century. A Typical Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) Used For Environmental Condition Monitoring, Security Surveillance Of Battle-Fields, Wildlife Habitat Monitoring, Etc. Cluster-Based Hierarchical Routing Protocols Play An Essential Role In Decreasing The Energy Consumption Of Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsns). A Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Has Been Proposed As An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture For Wsns. However, Without Considering The Distribution Of The Cluster Heads (Chs) In The Rotation Basis, The LEACH Protocol Will Increase The Energy Consumption Of The Network. To Improve The Energy Efficiency Of The WSN, We Propose A Novel Modified Routing Protocol In This Paper. The Newly Proposed Improved Energy-Efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) Protocol Considers The Residual Node Energy And The Average Energy Of The Networks. To Achieve Satisfactory Performance In Terms Of Reducing The Sensor Energy Consumption, The Proposed IEE-LEACH Accounts For The Numbers Of The Optimal Chs And Prohibits The Nodes That Are Closer To The Base Station (BS) To Join In The Cluster Formation. Furthermore, The Proposed IEE-LEACH Uses A New Threshold For Electing Chs Among The Sensor Nodes, And Employs Single Hop, Multi-Hop, And Hybrid Communications To Further Improve The Energy Efficiency Of The Networks. The Simulation Results Demonstrate That, Compared With Some Existing Routing Protocols, The Proposed Protocol Substantially Reduces The Energy Consumption Of Wsns