Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks

This book focuses on the current hottest issues from the lowest layers to the upper layers of wireless communication networks and provides "real-time" research progress on these issues. The authors have made every effort to systematically organize the information on these topics to make it easily accessible to readers of any level. This book also maintains the balance between current research results and their theoretical support. In this book, a variety of novel techniques in wireless communications and networks are investigated. The authors attempt to present these topics in detail. Insightful and reader-friendly descriptions are presented to nourish readers of any level, from practicing and knowledgeable communication engineers to beginning or professional researchers. All interested readers can easily find noteworthy materials in much greater detail than in previous publications and in the references cited in these chapters

Técnicas de gestão de feixe de onda para sistemas Massive MIMO nas redes 5G NR

The use of Millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum frequencies is seen as a key enabler technology for the future wireless communication systems to overcome the bandwidth shortage of the sub 6GHz microwave spectrum band, enabling high speed data transmissions in the 5G/6G systems. Nevertheless, mmWave propagation characteristics are associated to significant free-path losses and many more attenuations that become even more harsher as the frequency increases, rendering the communication challenging at this frequencies. To overcome these distinct disadvantages, multiple antenna arrays are employed to allow beamforming techniques for the transmission of narrower concentrated beams in more precise directions and less interference levels between them, consequently improving the link budget. Thus, to constantly assure that the communication with each device is done using the beam pair that allows the best possible connectivity, a set of Beam Management control procedures is necessary to assure an efficient beamformed connection establishment and its continuous maintenance between the device and the network. This dissertation will address the description of the Initial Beam Establishment (IBE) BM procedure, focusing the selection of the most suitable transmit-receive beam pair available after completed beam sweeping techniques to measure the different power levels of the received signal. The main goal is to design a new 3GPP-standard compliant beam pair selection algorithm based on SSS angle estimation (BSAE), that makes use of multiple Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) to maximize the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) value at the receiver, through the selected beam pair. This optimization is done using the Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSSs) present in each SSB to perform channel estimation in the digital domain (comprising the effects of the analog processing). Afterwards, the combination of those estimations were used to perform the equivalent channel propagation matrix estimation without the analog processing effects. Finally, through the channel propagation matrix, the angle that maximizes the RSRP was determined to compute the most suitable beam through the aggregated response vector. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance levels compared to a conventional beam pair selection algorithm. Furthermore, a comparison with an optimal case is also done, i.e., the situation where the channel is known, and the optimal beam pair angle can be determined. Therefore, the similar performance results compared to the optimal case indicates that the proposed algorithm is interesting for practical 5G mmWave mMIMO implementations, according to 3GPP-compliant standards.O uso de frequências na banda das ondas milimétricas é visto como uma tecnologia chave para os futuros sistemas de comunicação móveis, tendo em vista a ultrapassar o problema da escassez de banda a sub-6 GHz, e por permitir as elevadas taxas de dados requeridas para sistemas 5G/6G. Contudo, a propagação deste tipo de ondas está associado a perdas acentuadas em espaço livre e várias atenuações que se tornam cada vez mais significativas com o aumento do valor da frequência, impondo obstáculos à comunicação. Para ultrapassar estas adversidades, agregados constituídos por múltiplos elementos de antena são implementados por forma a permitir técnicas de formação de feixe e possibilitar a transmissão de feixes mais estreitos e altamente direcionais, diminuindo os níveis de interferência e melhorando consequentemente o link budget. Deste modo, para assegurar constantemente que a comunicação efetuada em cada dispositivo ocorre utilizando o conjunto de feixes que proporciona o melhor nível de conectividade, é então necessário um conjunto de procedimentos de controlo de gestão de feixe, assegurando um estabelecimento eficiente da comunicação e a sua contínua manutenção entre um dispositivo e a rede. Esta dissertação descreve o procedimento de gestão de feixe conhecido como estabelecimento inicial de feixe, focando o processo de seleção do melhor par de feixe de transmissão-receção disponível após o uso de técnicas de varrimento de feixe por fim a efetuar medições dos diferentes níveis de potência do sinal recebido. O principal objetivo passa pela conceção de um novo algoritmo de estabelecimento de par de feixes baseado em estimações de ângulo (BSAE), que explora o uso de múltiplos SSBs definidos pelo 3GPP, por forma a maximizar o RSRP no recetor, através do feixe selecionado. Esta otimização é feita usando os sinais de sincronização secundários (SSSs) presentes em cada SSB para efetuar uma estimação de canal no domínio digital (que contém o efeito do processamento analógico). Depois, combinando essas estimações, foi feita uma estimação da matriz do canal de propagação, sem o efeito desse processamento analógico. Finalmente, através da matriz do canal de propagação, foi determinado o ângulo que maximiza o RSRP, e calculado o feixe através do vetor de resposta do agregado. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o algoritmo proposto atinge melhor desempenho quando comparado com o algoritmo convencional de seleção de par de feixes. Foi feita ainda uma comparação com o caso ótimo, isto é, com o caso em que se conhece completamente o canal e se obtém um ângulo ótimo. Os resultados obtidos pelo algoritmo proposto foram muito próximos do caso ótimo, pelo que é bastante interessante para sistemas práticos 5G mmWave mMIMO, que estejam de acordo com o padrão 3GPP.Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicaçõe

5G 이후 무선 네트워크를 위한 무선 접속 기술 향상 연구

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 박세웅.Recently, operators are creating services using 5G systems in various fields, e.g., manufacturing, automotive, health care, etc. 5G use cases include transmission of small packets using IoT devices to high data rate transmission such as high-definition video streaming. When a large-scale IoT device transmits a small packet, power saving is important, so it is necessary to disconnect from the base station and then establish a connection through random access to transmit data. However, existing random access procedures are difficult to satisfy various latency requirements. It is attractive to use a wide bandwidth of the millimeter wave spectrum for high data rate transmission. In order to overcome the channel characteristics, beamforming technology is applied. However, when determining a beam pair between a transmitter and a receiver, interference is not considered. In this dissertation, we consider the following three enhancements to enable 5G and beyond use cases: (i) Two-step random access procedure for delay-sensitive devices, (ii) self-uplink synchronization framework for solving preamble collision problem, and (iii) interference-aware beam adjustment for interference coordination. First, RAPID, two-step random access for delay-sensitive devices, is proposed to reduce latency requirement value for satisfying specific reliability. When devices, performing RAPID and contention-based random access, coexist, it is important to determine a value that is the number of preambles for RAPID to reduce random access load. Simulation results show that RAPID achieves 99.999% reliability with 80.8% shorter uplink latency, and also decreases random access load by 30.5% compared with state-of-the-art techniques. Second, in order to solve preamble collision problem, we develop self-uplink synchronization framework called EsTA. Preamble collision occurs when multiple devices transmit the same preamble. Specifically, we propose a framework that helps the UE to estimate the timing advance command using a deep neural network model and to determine the TA value. Estimation accuracy can achieve 98–99% when subcarrier spacing is 30 and 60 kHz. Finally, we propose IBA, which is interference-aware beam adjustment method to reduce interference in millimeter wave networks. Unlike existing methods of reducing interference by scheduling time and frequency resources differently, interference is controlled through beam adjustment. In IBA, it is important to reduce search space of finding new beam pair to reduce interference. In practical, it is impossible to search beam pair of all combinations. Therefore, through Monte Carlo method, we can reduce search space to achieve local optimum. IBA achieve enhancement of lower 50%throughput up to 50% compared with only applying beam adjustment. In summary, we propose a two-step random access, a self-uplink synchronization framework, and interference-aware beam adjustment for 5G and beyond use cases. Through these researches, we achieve enhancements of network performance such as latency and throughput compared with state-of-the-art techniques.최근 사업자는 제조, 자동차, 헬스 케어 등 다양한 분야에서 5G 시스템을 사용하여 서비스를 만들고 있다. 5G 사용 사례에는 IoT 장치를 이용한 작은 패킷 전송에서고화질 비디오 스트리밍과 같은 고속 데이터 전송까지 포함된다. 대규모 IoT 장치가작은 패킷을 전송하는 경우 전력 소모 절약이 중요하므로 기지국과의 연결을 끊은다음 랜덤 액세스를 통해 다시 기지국과 연결하여 데이터를 전송해야한다. 그러나기존의 랜덤 액세스 절차는 다양한 지연시간 요건을 만족시키기 어렵다. 한편, 높은데이터 전송 속도를 위해 넓은 대역폭의 밀리미터파 대역을 사용한다. 이때, 밀리미터파 대역 채널 특성을 극복하기 위해 빔포밍 기술이 적용된다. 그러나 현재 5G표준에서 송신기와 수신기 사이의 빔 쌍을 결정할 때, 간섭은 고려되지 않는다. 이논문에서는 5G 및 그 이후의 네트워크에서 다양한 사용 사례를 지원하기 위해 다음세 가지 개선 사항을 고려한다. (i) 지연에 민감한 장치를 위한 2 단계 랜덤 액세스절차, (ii) 프리앰블 충돌 문제를 해결하기 위한 자체 상향링크 동기화 프레임 워크,그리고 (iii) 간섭을 줄이기 위한 간섭 인식 빔 조정이다. 첫째, 지연에 민감한 장치를 위한 2 단계 랜덤 액세스인 RAPID는 특정 신뢰도를 만족시키기 위한 지연시간을 줄이기 위해 제안되었다. RAPID와 경합 기반 랜덤 액세스를 수행하는 장치가 공존할 경우 RAPID가 랜덤 액세스 부하를 줄이기 위해 RAPID를 위해 할당되는 프리앰블 수를 결정하는 것이 중요하다. 시뮬레이션 결과에 따르면 RAPID는 99.999%의신뢰도를 만족시키는 지연시간을 최신 기술에 비해 80.8% 줄이면서, 랜덤 액세스부하를 30.5% 줄인다. 둘째, 프리앰블 충돌 문제를 해결하기 위해 자체 상향링크 동기화 프레임워크인 EsTA를 개발한다. 프리앰블 충돌은 여러 장치가 동일한 프리앰블을 전송할 때 발생한다. 구체적으로, 단말이 심층 신경망 모델을 사용하여 timing advance(TA) command를 추정하고 TA값을 결정하는 프레임 워크를 제안한다. 네트워크 시스템의 부반송파 간격이 30 및 60 kHz 일 때, TA command 추정 정확도는98–99%를 달성 할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 밀리미터파 네트워크에서 간섭을 줄이기 위한 간섭 인식 빔 조정 방법인 IBA를 제안한다. 시간과 주파수 자원을 다르게 예약하여 간섭을 줄이는 기존의 방법과 달리 IBA는 빔 조정을 통해 간섭을 제어한다.이 때, 간섭을 줄이기 위해 새로운 빔 쌍을 찾는 검색 공간을 줄이는 것이 중요하다.현실적으로 모든 빔 쌍의 조합을 검색하는 것은 불가능하다. 따라서 IBA는 Monte Carlo 방법을 통해 검색 공간을 축소하여 local optimum을 달성하도록 설계되어야한다. IBA는 5G 표준의 빔 조정 방법과 비교했을 때, 하위 50% throughput의 중간값이최대 50%까지 향상된다. 요약하면, 우리는 5G 및 그 이후의 다양한 사용 사례를 위해서 2 단계 랜덤 액세스, 자체 상향링크 동기화 프레임 워크, 그리고 간섭 인식 빔조정 방법을 제안한다. 이 연구를 통해 최신 기술에 비해 지연시간 및 처리량과 같은네트워크 성능이 향상된다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 5G Vision, Applications, and Keywords 1 1.2 Overview of Existing Approach 3 1.3 Main Contributions 4 1.3.1 RAPID: Two-Step Random Access 4 1.3.2 EsTA: Self-Uplink Synchronization 5 1.3.3 IBA: Interference-Aware Beam Adjustment 5 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation 6 2 RAPID: Contention Resolution-based Random Access Procedure using Context ID for IoT 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Background 10 2.2.1 RRC State 10 2.2.2 Random Access Procedure 11 2.2.3 Uplink Latency in RRC INACTIVE State 13 2.2.4 Related Work 14 2.3 RAPID: Proposed Random Access Procedure 15 2.3.1 Overview 15 2.3.2 Criterion of Applying RAPID 16 2.3.3 Preamble Set and RACH Period Allocation 17 2.3.4 Preamble Transmission 18 2.3.5 RAR Transmission 19 2.3.6 AS Context ID Allocation 21 2.3.7 Number of Preambles for RAPID 22 2.4 Access Pattern Analyzer 22 2.4.1 Overview 22 2.4.2 APA Operation 23 2.4.3 Margin Value 26 2.4.4 Offset Index Decision 26 2.5 Random Access Load Analysis 27 2.5.1 System Model 28 2.5.2 Markov Chain Model for 4-Step RA 29 2.5.3 Average Random Access Load for 4-Step RA 34 2.5.4 Markov Chain Model for RAPID 34 2.5.5 Average Random Access Load for RAPID 37 2.5.6 Validation of Analysis 38 2.5.7 Optimization Problem 41 2.6 Performance Evaluation 42 2.6.1 Simulation Setup 42 2.6.2 Number of Preambles for RAPID 43 2.6.3 Performance of RAPID 43 2.6.4 Performance of APA 48 2.7 Summary 48 3 EsTA: Self-Uplink Synchronization in 2-Step Random Access 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Background 51 3.2.1 Overview of 2-Step CBRA 51 3.2.2 Channel Structure for msgA 52 3.2.3 TA Handling for the Payload 54 3.2.4 2-Step Random Access in Recent Literature 56 3.3 Challenges of 2-Step Random Access 57 3.3.1 Preamble Allocation 57 3.3.2 Resource Mapping for msgA 58 3.3.3 DFT Operation in gNB 58 3.3.4 Detected Collision Problem 58 3.4 EsTA: Proposed Self-UL Synchronization Procedure 59 3.4.1 Overview 60 3.4.2 Overall Procedures 60 3.4.3 Performance Evaluation 61 3.4.4 Future Research Perspectives 65 3.5 Summary 65 4 IBA: Interference-Aware Beam Adjustment for 5G mmWave Networks 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Background 68 4.2.1 Beam Management in 5G NR 68 4.2.2 System-Level Simulation and 3D Beamforming for 5G NR 70 4.3 Motivation 70 4.3.1 Throughput Degradation by Interference 70 4.4 IBA: Proposed Interference Management Scheme 72 4.4.1 Overall Procedure 72 4.4.2 Reduction of Search Space 72 4.4.3 Algorithm for IBA 75 4.5 Performance Evaluation 76 4.6 Summary 78 5 Concluding Remarks 79 5.1 Research Contributions 79 5.2 Future Work 80 Abstract (In Korean) 89 감사의 글 92Docto

Internet of Things and Sensors Networks in 5G Wireless Communications

The Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted much attention from society, industry and academia as a promising technology that can enhance day to day activities, and the creation of new business models, products and services, and serve as a broad source of research topics and ideas. A future digital society is envisioned, composed of numerous wireless connected sensors and devices. Driven by huge demand, the massive IoT (mIoT) or massive machine type communication (mMTC) has been identified as one of the three main communication scenarios for 5G. In addition to connectivity, computing and storage and data management are also long-standing issues for low-cost devices and sensors. The book is a collection of outstanding technical research and industrial papers covering new research results, with a wide range of features within the 5G-and-beyond framework. It provides a range of discussions of the major research challenges and achievements within this topic

Internet of Things and Sensors Networks in 5G Wireless Communications

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Internet of Things and Sensors Networks in 5G Wireless Communications that was published in Sensors

Internet of Things and Sensors Networks in 5G Wireless Communications

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Internet of Things and Sensors Networks in 5G Wireless Communications that was published in Sensors