A context -and template- based data compression approach to improve resource-constrained IoT systems interoperability.

170 p.El objetivo del Internet de las Cosas (the Internet of Things, IoT) es el de interconectar todo tipo de cosas, desde dispositivos simples, como una bombilla o un termostato, a elementos más complejos y abstractoscomo una máquina o una casa. Estos dispositivos o elementos varían enormemente entre sí, especialmente en las capacidades que poseen y el tipo de tecnologías que utilizan. Esta heterogeneidad produce una gran complejidad en los procesos integración en lo que a la interoperabilidad se refiere.Un enfoque común para abordar la interoperabilidad a nivel de representación de datos en sistemas IoT es el de estructurar los datos siguiendo un modelo de datos estándar, así como formatos de datos basados en texto (e.g., XML). Sin embargo, el tipo de dispositivos que se utiliza normalmente en sistemas IoT tiene capacidades limitadas, así como recursos de procesamiento y de comunicación escasos. Debido a estas limitaciones no es posible integrar formatos de datos basados en texto de manera sencilla y e1ciente en dispositivos y redes con recursos restringidos. En esta Tesis, presentamos una novedosa solución de compresión de datos para formatos de datos basados en texto, que está especialmente diseñada teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones de dispositivos y redes con recursos restringidos. Denominamos a esta solución Context- and Template-based Compression (CTC). CTC mejora la interoperabilidad a nivel de los datos de los sistemas IoT a la vez que requiere muy pocos recursos en cuanto a ancho de banda de las comunicaciones, tamaño de memoria y potencia de procesamiento

A context -and template- based data compression approach to improve resource-constrained IoT systems interoperability.

170 p.El objetivo del Internet de las Cosas (the Internet of Things, IoT) es el de interconectar todo tipo de cosas, desde dispositivos simples, como una bombilla o un termostato, a elementos más complejos y abstractoscomo una máquina o una casa. Estos dispositivos o elementos varían enormemente entre sí, especialmente en las capacidades que poseen y el tipo de tecnologías que utilizan. Esta heterogeneidad produce una gran complejidad en los procesos integración en lo que a la interoperabilidad se refiere.Un enfoque común para abordar la interoperabilidad a nivel de representación de datos en sistemas IoT es el de estructurar los datos siguiendo un modelo de datos estándar, así como formatos de datos basados en texto (e.g., XML). Sin embargo, el tipo de dispositivos que se utiliza normalmente en sistemas IoT tiene capacidades limitadas, así como recursos de procesamiento y de comunicación escasos. Debido a estas limitaciones no es posible integrar formatos de datos basados en texto de manera sencilla y e1ciente en dispositivos y redes con recursos restringidos. En esta Tesis, presentamos una novedosa solución de compresión de datos para formatos de datos basados en texto, que está especialmente diseñada teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones de dispositivos y redes con recursos restringidos. Denominamos a esta solución Context- and Template-based Compression (CTC). CTC mejora la interoperabilidad a nivel de los datos de los sistemas IoT a la vez que requiere muy pocos recursos en cuanto a ancho de banda de las comunicaciones, tamaño de memoria y potencia de procesamiento

PSON: A serialization format for IoT sensor networks

In Many Internet Of Things (Iot) Environments, The Lifetime Of A Sensor Is Linked To Its Power Supply. Sensor Devices Capture External Information And Transmit It. They Also Receive Messages With Control Commands, Which Means That One Of The Largest Computational Overheads Of Sensor Devices Is Spent On Data Serialization And Deserialization Tasks, As Well As Data Transmission. The Simpler The Serialization/Deserialization And The Smaller The Size Of The Information To Be Transmitted, The Longer The Lifetime Of The Sensor Device And, Consequently, The Longer The Service Life. This Paper Presents A New Serialization Format (Pson) For These Environments, Which Simplifies The Serialization/Deserialization Tasks And Minimizes The Messages To Be Sent/Received. The Paper Presents Evaluation Results With The Most Popular Serialization Formats, Demonstrating The Improvement Obtained With The New Pson Format.This work was funded by public research projects of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (MINECO) (MINECO), references TEC2017-88048-C2-2-R, RTC-2016-595-2, RTC-2016-5191-8, and RTC-2016-5059-8, and the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M in the line of Excellence of University Professors (EPUC3M17) in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation) and the CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial E.P.E.), CNU/1308/2018, 28 November

Context- and Template-Based Compression for Efficient Management of Data Models in Resource-Constrained Systems

The Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) paradigm is based on the deployment of interconnected heterogeneous devices and systems, so interoperability is at the heart of any CPS architecture design. In this sense, the adoption of standard and generic data formats for data representation and communication, e.g., XML or JSON, effectively addresses the interoperability problem among heterogeneous systems. Nevertheless, the verbosity of those standard data formats usually demands system resources that might suppose an overload for the resource-constrained devices that are typically deployed in CPS. In this work we present Context-and Template-based Compression (CTC), a data compression approach targeted to resource-constrained devices, which allows reducing the resources needed to transmit, store and process data models. Additionally, we provide a benchmark evaluation and comparison with current implementations of the Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) processor, which is promoted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and it is the most prominent XML compression mechanism nowadays. Interestingly, the results from the evaluation show that CTC outperforms EXI implementations in terms of memory usage and speed, keeping similar compression rates. As a conclusion, CTC is shown to be a good candidate for managing standard data model representation formats in CPS composed of resource-constrained devices.Research partially supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under Grant Agreement Number H2020-EeB-2015/680708 - HIT2GAP, Highly Innovative building control Tools Tackling the energy performance GAP. Also partially supported by the Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Basque Government under Grant IT980-16 and the Spanish Research Council, under grant TIN2016-79897-P

On the performance of markup language compression

Data compression is used in our everyday life to improve computer interaction or simply for storage purposes. Lossless data compression refers to those techniques that are able to compress a file in such ways that the decompressed format is the replica of the original. These techniques, which differ from the lossy data compression, are necessary and heavily used in order to reduce resource usage and improve storage and transmission speeds. Prior research led to huge improvements in compression performance and efficiency for general purpose tools which are mainly based on statistical and dictionary encoding techniques. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is based on redundant data which is parsed as normal text by general-purpose compressors. Several tools for compressing XML data have been developed, resulting in improvements for compression size and speed using different compression techniques. These tools are mostly based on algorithms that rely on variable length encoding. XML Schema is a language used to define the structure and data types of an XML document. As a result of this, it provides XML compression tools additional information that can be used to improve compression efficiency. In addition, XML Schema is also used for validating XML data. For document compression there is a need to generate the schema dynamically for each XML file. This solution can be applied to improve the efficiency of XML compressors. This research investigates a dynamic approach to compress XML data using a hybrid compression tool. This model allows the compression of XML data using variable and fixed length encoding techniques when their best use cases are triggered. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of fixed length encoding techniques to support general-purpose XML compressors. The results demonstrate the possibility of improving on compression size when a fixed length encoder is used to compressed most XML data types

Facilitating the creation of IoT applications through conditional observations in CoAP

With the advent of IPv6, the world is getting ready to incorporate smart objects to the current Internet to realize the idea of Internet of Things. The biggest challenge faced is the resource constraint of the smart objects to directly utilize the existing standard protocols and applications. A number of initiatives are currently witnessed to resolve this situation. One of such initiatives is the introduction of Constrained Application Protocol. This protocol is developed to fit in the resource-constrained smart object with the ability to easily translate to the prominent representational state transfer implementation, hypertext transfer protocol (and vice versa). The protocol has several optional extensions, one of them being, resource observation. With resource observation, a client may ask a server to be notified every state change of the resource. However, in many applications, all state changes are not significant enough for the clients. Therefore, the client will have to decide whether to use a value sent by a server or not. This results in wastage of the already constrained resources (bandwidth, processing power,aEuro broken vertical bar). In this paper, we introduced an alternative to the normal resource observation function, named Conditional Observation, where clients tell the servers the criteria for notification. We evaluated the power consumption and number of packets transmitted between clients and servers by using different network sizes and number of servers. In all cases, we found out that the existing observe option results in excessive number of packets (most of them unimportant for the client) and higher power consumption. We also made an extensive theoretical evaluation of the two approaches which give consistent result with the results we got from experimentation

RESTful Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks have diverse structures and generally employ proprietary protocols to gather useful information about the physical world. This diversity generates problems to interact with these sensors since custom APIs are needed which are tedious, error prone and have steep learning curve. In this thesis, I present RESThing, a lightweight REST framework for wireless sensor networks to ease the process of interacting with these sensors by making them accessible over the Web. I evaluate the system and show that it is feasible to support widely used and standard Web protocols in wireless sensor networks. Being able to integrate these tiny devices seamlessly into the global information medium, we can achieve the Web of Things

Ressourcen Optimierung von SOA-Technologien in eingebetteten Netzwerken

Embedded networks are fundamental infrastructures of many different kinds of domains, such as home or industrial automation, the automotive industry, and future smart grids. Yet they can be very heterogeneous, containing wired and wireless nodes with different kinds of resources and service capabilities, such as sensing, acting, and processing. Driven by new opportunities and business models, embedded networks will play an ever more important role in the future, interconnecting more and more devices, even from other network domains. Realizing applications for such types of networks, however, is a highly challenging task, since various aspects have to be considered, including communication between a diverse assortment of resource-constrained nodes, such as microcontrollers, as well as flexible node infrastructure. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) with Web services would perfectly meet these unique characteristics of embedded networks and ease the development of applications. Standardized Web services, however, are based on plain-text XML, which is not suitable for microcontroller-based devices with their very limited resources due to XML's verbosity, its memory and bandwidth usage, as well as its associated significant processing overhead. This thesis presents methods and strategies for realizing efficient XML-based Web service communication in embedded networks by means of binary XML using EXI format. We present a code generation approach to create optimized and dedicated service applications in resource-constrained embedded networks. In so doing, we demonstrate how EXI grammar can be optimally constructed and applied to the Web service and service requester context. In addition, so as to realize an optimized service interaction in embedded networks, we design and develop an optimized filter-enabled service data dissemination that takes into account the individual resource capabilities of the nodes and the connection quality within embedded networks. We show different approaches for efficiently evaluating binary XML data and applying it to resource constrained devices, such as microcontrollers. Furthermore, we will present the effectful placement of binary XML filters in embedded networks with the aim of reducing both, the computational load of constrained nodes and the network traffic. Various evaluation results of V2G applications prove the efficiency of our approach as compared to existing solutions and they also prove the seamless and successful applicability of SOA-based technologies in the microcontroller-based environment